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Stats 305 > Midterm 2 - PERCEPTION > Flashcards

Midterm 2 - PERCEPTION Flashcards

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1
Q

What is trichromacy?

A

Trichromacy hypothesizes that we have 3 kinds of cone cells (red, green, blue) that allow us to perceive any color by mixing these lights.

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2
Q

What are metamers?

A

Metamers are pairs of stimuli that look identical despite physical differences - Eg. When mixing two “pure” wavelengths (say green and violet), the combination of M- and L- cone activity is identical to the combination resulting from a “pure” wavelength in the cyan frequency. We can’t distinguish the two – they will all look cyan.

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3
Q

What is additive color mixing?

A

Additive color mixing is the process of creating colors by combining different wavelengths of light. Primary colors are red, green, and blue (RGB).

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4
Q

What is subtractive color mixing?

A

Subtractive color mixing is the process of creating colors by removing certain wavelengths of light. Primary colors are cyan, magenta, and yellow (CMY).

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5
Q

What are non-spectral hues?

A

Non-spectral hues are colors that can only be produced by specific mixtures of wavelengths, such as purple.

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6
Q

What is the principle of univariance and what does it explain about colour perception

A

The principle of univariance states that a single type of cone cell cannot distinguish color based on wavelength alone, which is why color perception requires input from multiple photoreceptors.

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7
Q

What allows us to see color?

A

The specific pattern of response across the three types of cone cells allows us to see color, independent of overall light intensity.

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8
Q

Who does color anomaly/color blindness affect?

A

Color anomaly affects about 8% of males and 0.5% of females, caused by a recessive gene on the X chromosome.

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9
Q

What is tritanopia?

A

Tritanopia is the absence of S-cones (blue), resulting in an inability to see blue and yellow.

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10
Q

What is deuteranopia?

A

Deuteranopia is the absence of M-cones (green), leading to difficulty distinguishing green from red.

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11
Q

What is protanopia?

A

Protanopia is the absence of L-cones (red), resulting in an inability to see red or green.

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12
Q

What is a cone monochromat?

A

A cone monochromat has only one type of cone cell and is truly color-blind.

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13
Q

What is the color opponent theory?

A

The color opponent theory proposes that color perception is governed by two types of color opponency: red vs. green and blue vs. yellow.

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14
Q

What is absolute activity of a cone type?

A

Absolute activity is uninformative; cones are sensitive to all light across a wide range of wavelengths.

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15
Q

What is the difference of activity between types of cones?

A

The difference of activity between cones computes color distinctions, such as red vs. green and blue vs. yellow.

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16
Q

What are hue cancellation experiments?

A

Hue cancellation experiments determine opponent color processing by adjusting the amount of an opponent color until the original hue disappears.

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17
Q

What is color constancy?

A

Color constancy is the visual system’s ability to perceive color consistently regardless of the illuminating source.

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18
Q

What is motion?

A

Motion is a spatiotemporal event, representing a change in position of an object over time.

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19
Q

What is apparent motion?

A

Apparent motion is the impression of smooth motion when seeing different frames of an object in rapid succession.

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20
Q

What is akinetopsia?

A

Akinetopsia is a rare disorder that impairs movement perception, often resulting in a ‘trailing effect.’

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21
Q

What is the initial theory of motion detection circuits?

A

The initial theory proposed that three neurons register changes in position between frames, but it lacked direction sensitivity.

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22
Q

What is the role of V1 in motion perception?

A

Area V1 contains circuits that create movement after-effects.

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23
Q

What is the aperture problem?

A

The aperture problem is the difficulty in identifying the direction of movement when viewed through a small aperture.

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24
Q

What is the correspondence problem?

A

The correspondence problem arises from the difficulty in matching features between different timeframes.

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25
How does the visual system solve the correspondence problem?
The brain uses multiple apertures to gather information from several small windows across the object to determine global direction.
26
What is smooth pursuit?
Smooth pursuit is a voluntary eye movement that allows the eyes to follow a moving object.
27
What is a saccade?
A saccade is a rapid eye movement that changes fixation from one object to another.
28
What is vergence?
Vergence is a type of eye movement where the two eyes move in opposite directions.
29
What are reflexive eye movements?
Reflexive eye movements are automatic and involuntary, compensating for head and body movement.
30
What are micro saccades?
Micro saccades are small involuntary eye movements that prevent visual fading and improve visibility.
31
What is the perception to action loop?
The perception to action loop describes how our perceptual system drives our actions and behaviors.
32
What is the object recognition problem?
The object recognition problem is our ability to recognize an object regardless of its depiction.
33
What is template theory?
Template theory suggests that every instance of an object is stored as a template, which is an unsupported theory.
34
What is exemplar theory?
Exemplar theory states that the brain recognizes objects by comparing them to multiple stored examples.
35
What is the Generalized Context Model?
The Generalized Context Model formalizes exemplar theory mathematically, focusing on similarity to stored examples.
36
What is prototype theory?
Prototype theory suggests that people form an average of categories based on their experiences.
37
What is general recognition theory?
General recognition theory focuses on how perceptual distributions influence decision-making in categorization.
38
What is recognition by components?
Recognition by components suggests we recognize objects using an 'alphabet' of shapes called geons.
39
What are geons?
Geons are geometric ions that combine to form complex shapes; there are 36 different geons.
40
What is the grandmother cell theory?
The grandmother cell theory suggests there is a single neuron for encoding every concept, though it is not how recognition works.
41
What is the computational model of object recognition?
Deep neural networks (DNN) are multilayer networks trained to recognize objects.
42
What is AlexNet?
AlexNet is a program trained to recognize new instances of objects by combining many instances with feedback.
43
What are the latest DNN models?
Latest DNN models rival the representational performance of the inferior temporal cortex in object recognition tasks.
44
What is early processing of visual information?
Early processing involves no object recognition and focuses on detecting localized contrast.
45
What does the LGN do?
The LGN detects spots of localized contrast, which combine to form lines and bars in V1.
46
What is the primary visual cortex (V1)?
V1 detects edges and bars, with neurons responding to increasingly abstract information as we move further.
47
What is intermediate-level vision?
Intermediate-level vision bridges low-level feature detection and high-level object recognition.
48
What is boundary ownership?
Boundary ownership determines which side of an edge belongs to the object and which to the background.
49
How do humans use Gestalt grouping principles?
Humans use Gestalt principles for object recognition, unlike computers that rely on local contrast.
50
What is boundary ownership?
It is the process by which neurons in V2 determine which side of an edge belongs to the object and which side belongs to the background.
51
How do computerized edge detectors compare to humans in edge detection?
Computerized edge detectors are worse at detecting edges than humans because they rely purely on local contrast and intensity differences.
52
What is the significance of Gestalt grouping principles in object recognition?
Humans use Gestalt principles to guide object recognition and figure-ground segmentation, suggesting perception is holistic.
53
What does the principle of similarity state?
Similar objects (color, shape, size) appear grouped together.
54
What does the principle of proximity state?
Elements close to each other tend to be grouped together.
55
What does the principle of good continuation state?
Lines and edges are perceived as following the smoothest path.
56
What does the principle of closure state?
The mind fills in missing information to perceive complete shapes.
57
What does the principle of common fate state?
Elements moving together are grouped.
58
What is figure-ground segmentation?
It is the brain's process of separating objects from the background.
59
What does the principle of common region state?
Elements located within a shared boundary or enclosed area are perceived as a group.
60
What does the principle of connectedness state?
Elements visually connected by lines tend to be grouped.
61
What is the dorsal 'where' pathway responsible for?
It processes locations and shapes of objects but does not encode object names or functions.
62
What is the ventral 'what' pathway responsible for?
It processes object identity (names) and functions, independent of location.
63
What is area V4's role in object recognition?
It represents intermediate shape information and bridges early edge detection with later object recognition.
64
What does the posterior IT respond to?
It responds to the components or parts of objects but not complete objects.
65
What is the lateral occipital complex (LOC)?
It is the first stage in the visual hierarchy where full objects are explicitly represented.
66
What is invariant representation?
Representations that don’t depend on the viewpoint.
67
What is the fusiform face area (FFA)?
A region in the ventral temporal lobe that specializes in fine-grained visual recognition, including faces.
68
What is prosopagnosia?
A condition resulting from damage to the FFA, leading to an inability to recognize faces.
69
What is the parahippocampal place area (PPA)?
A cortical representation that responds more to places than to faces or objects.
70
How does context influence object recognition?
Context guides our recognition of objects based on their size and location in a picture.
71
What is viewpoint and scale invariance?
It refers to the ability of neurons in the IT cortex to respond to an object regardless of its size, position, or viewpoint.
72
What are decoding methods in neuroimaging?
Training a computer model to decode brain activity patterns from fMRI scans while participants view images.
73
What are encoding methods in neuroimaging?
Training a model to predict brain responses to new stimuli based on fMRI scans and a defined feature space.
74
What is the auditory canal?
A tube-like structure that directs sound waves from the outer ear to the tympanic membrane.
75
What is the tympanic membrane?
A thin, vibrating membrane that separates the outer ear from the middle ear and transmits sound vibrations.
76
What are ossicles?
Three small bones in the middle ear that amplify and transmit sound vibrations to the inner ear.
77
What is the cochlea?
The inner ear structure that contains sensory receptor cells that detect sound vibrations.
78
What is tonotopy?
The spatial organization of sound frequency processing in the auditory system.
79
What is the cochlear nucleus?
The first brainstem region that receives auditory signals from the cochlea.
80
What is the superior olive's role?
It is involved in sound localization by comparing timing and intensity differences between ears.
81
What is the inferior colliculus?
A midbrain structure that integrates auditory information and coordinates reflexive responses to sound.
82
What is the medial geniculate nucleus (MGN)?
A relay station in the thalamus that processes and transmits auditory information to the primary auditory cortex.
83
What is the primary auditory cortex responsible for?
Processing and interpreting sound information.
84
What is temporal coding?
The auditory nerve fibers fire at the same frequency as the sound transmitted through the cochlea.
85
What is the volley principle?
It allows a population of neurons to temporally encode frequency even if individual fibers cannot keep pace.
86
What is place coding?
Sound is mapped at different locations in the cochlea, with low frequencies coded at the apex and high frequencies at the base.
87
What are hearing aids?
Devices for less severe degrees of hearing loss that amplify sound.
88
What is a cochlear implant?
An electrode inserted in the cochlea that converts sound into electric firing patterns.
89
What is candidacy assessment for cochlear implants?
Patients with more than 60 dB of hearing loss and less than 60% speech recognition are eligible.
90
What is electro-acoustic stimulation?
A treatment for hybrid loss of hearing that combines acoustic (sound amplifier) and electric (cochlear implant) stimulation.
91
What is the purpose of cochlear implants?
Cochlear implants are used to treat profound sensorineural hearing loss by electrically stimulating the auditory nerve.
92
How are high frequency sounds delivered in cochlear implants?
High frequency sounds are delivered by inserting an electrode inside the ear and sending electricity directly to the nerve at the base of the cochlea.
93
What is the challenge with cochlear implant placement?
Historically, cochlear implants have been placed blindly, relying on trial and error to find the correct positions in the cochlea.
94
What is the recent focus in cochlear implant technology?
Recent advancements focus on place coding and using full-coverage electrodes to improve sound delivery across the cochlea.
95
What is anatomy-based fitting (ABF)?
ABF involves matching the frequencies delivered by the cochlear implant to the natural hearing frequencies at specific locations in the cochlea.
96
How does ABF affect speech recognition?
ABF improves speech recognition in quiet and noisy environments for experienced bilateral cochlear implant users.
97
What is the challenge with treating single-sided deafness?
Patients with single-sided deafness have a better reference for good hearing, making them more selective; ABF improves speech recognition in noise but not in quiet.
98
What is time coding in cochlear implants?
Time coding aims to process stimulation patterns to align with the temporal structure of actual sound waves, providing a natural time code.
99
What are the limitations of fine temporal structure processing?
It fails to improve speech recognition in various environments and does not enhance localization of low-frequency sounds.
100
What is sensory deafferentation and its relation to tinnitus?
Tinnitus occurs due to brain activity after ear damage; fixing hearing loss often alleviates tinnitus.
101
What is interaural time difference (ITD)?
ITD is the difference in time it takes for a sound to reach one ear compared to the other, helping to locate sound sources.
102
What is the azimuth in sound localization?
Azimuth refers to the angle of a sound source relative to the center of the head.
103
What are coincidence detector neurons?
These neurons fire only when they receive simultaneous signals from both cochlear nuclei, helping the brain determine sound direction.
104
What is interaural level difference (ILD)?
ILD is the difference in sound intensity between the ears, which helps localize sound sources, especially at high frequencies.
105
What is the inverse square law in sound perception?
The inverse square law states that sound intensity decreases with distance; doubling the distance reduces intensity by a factor of four.
106
What is spectral composition of a sound?
Spectral composition refers to the content and frequency proportions of a sound, aiding in distance estimation.
107
What is the degree of reverberation?
Reverberation increases with distance; sounds from further away have more reflected energy, reaching the listener from multiple angles.
108
What are cones of confusion?
Cones of confusion refer to the phenomenon where sounds from different locations can produce the same ITD, making localization challenging.
109
How does moving your head affect sound localization?
Moving your head changes the angle and azimuth of the sound, aiding in localization.
110
What is the directional transfer function?
The directional transfer function describes how the pinna alters sound amplitude based on elevation, helping to identify sound direction.
111
What is auditory stream segregation?
Auditory stream segregation is the process of organizing different sounds based on cues like location, frequency, timing, and timbre.
112
What is the rule of good continuation?
This rule states that sounds interrupted by noise can still be perceived as continuous if the gaps are filled with noise.
113
What is the higher order information/restoration effect?
This effect allows listeners to fill in gaps in speech using semantic and syntactic knowledge, provided the gaps are filled with noise.
114
A harmonic spectrum with a very low _________________ has a low pitch
A harmonic spectrum with a very low fundamental frequency has a low pitch
115
According to the logarithmic scaling of sound, which change would be more intense: A change between 20dB and 30dB A change between 50dB and 60 dB
50 and 60 decibels, bc there’s a lot more squared values between 50 and 60 than 20 and 30
116
What's the change in sound intensity (in pascals) between 20db and 30db
900 pascals: 10^3 - 10^2 = 900
117
Perirhinal cortex role in object recognition
THAT girl - she can differentiate highly similar objects and encodes fine-grained semantic distinctions
118
Anterior inferotemporal cortex (AIT) role in object recognition
categories of objects

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