Midterm #2 Review Flashcards
(106 cards)
1
Q
Types of Wars
A
- Hegemonic War
- Total War
- Limited War
- Civil War
- Guerilla War
2
Q
Hegemonic War
A
War over control of the entire word order
Ex: world war, global war, general war, systemic war
WWII
3
Q
Total War
A
Warfare by one state waged to conquer and occupy another
Goal: to reach surrender of the government, then replace
WWII
4
Q
Limited War
A
Military actions carried out to gain some objective short of the surrender and occupation of the enemy
- many border wars
5
Q
Civil War
A
Between factions within a state trying to create or prevent a new government
6
Q
Guerrilla War
A
Includes certain kinds of civil wars, warfare without front lines
7
Q
Individual Level cause of war
A
Rationality, realism, use of war reflects rational decisions of national leaders
8
Q
Domestic level cause of war
A
Due to the characteristics of states and societies
9
Q
Systemic level cause of war
A
Due to power relations among major actors
10
Q
Power transition theory
A
conflicts generate larger wars at times when power is relatively equally distributed and a rising power is threatening to overtake a declining hegemony
11
Q
Cyce theories
A
Explains general tendencies toward war
12
Q
Nonviolent means of leverage
A
Foreign aid, economic sanctions, diplomacy
13
Q
Violent actions as leverage
A
mobilization, suicide bombers, missiles
14
Q
Why do states devote most resources to military capabilities compared to other means of influence
A
Security dilemma
15
Q
Categories of Military Capabilities
A
Conventional forces, irregular forces, weapons of mass destruction
16
Q
Types of struggles
A
- controlling territory
- controlling the sea
- controlling the skies
17
Q
Means of leverage
A
dominance (realism)
Reciprocity (Liberal)
Identity (c)
18
Q
New analogy of defense economics
A
Societal costs in the long run, money can be used for other areas
Tradeoff between long-term economic growth and military spending
19
Q
Generation Warfare
A
1st: muskets, line tactics
2nd: attrition warfare, firepower (WWI)
3rd: maneuver warfare, rapid mechanization (WWII)
4th: guerilla warfare, asymmetric war (larger group against a smaller group)
20
Q
Network Centric Warfare
A
using technology, intelligence, infantry
21
Q
Future of warfare?
A
Fighting for cyberspace, low tech
22
Q
Types of international conflicts
A
Ethnic (Ideas) Religious (Ideas) Ideological (ideas) Territorial (Interests) Governmental (interests) Economic (interests)
23
Q
ethnic conflict
A
ethnic division is created by the existence of threats between ethnic groups
24
Q
Irredentism
A
Goal of regaining territory lost to another state
25
Most common form of conflict in IR
Economic conflicts
26
Why are ideological conflicts hard to resolve?
A: An intangible desire
B: not closely tied to personal morals and beliefs
C: gaining land, power and materials
A: an intangible desire, more personal
27
Why are material conflicts the hardest to resolve?
Always more to gain, land, power, materials. States are greedy. Always a possibility.
28
Why are territorial conflicts the hardest to resolve?
Hard to come to an agreement, no one wants to give up land, people on the land fighting for their own land.
29
Two types of territorial conflicts
1. over land ownership
| 2. who has the right to the land with an existing state
30
Interdependence Theory of economic conflict
Must be some relationship between economic activity and trade between countries. Whether conflicts rises or falls.
31
Sensitivity interdependence
Dependence when you can find other sources
32
Vulnerability interdependence
Hard to find other sources
33
nationalism and war
Conflicts over nations, ethics, or religious groups are the deeper cause of most wars.
34
Terrorism
political violence that targets civilians deliberately and indiscriminately
35
Purpose of terrorism
Demoralize civilian population, leverage on national government.
Gaining media attention
Psychological effect. Fear raised from the violence
36
Types of Weapons of Mass Destruction
1. Nuclear
2. Chemical
3. Biological
37
Nuclear Weapons
Most destructive weapon
EX: atomic bombs and hydrogen bombs.
EX: Ballistic missiles (long or short range)
38
Chemical Weapons
release chemicals that disable and kill people
EX: Nerve gas, tear gas, mustard gas
Banned under Geneva protocol.
39
Biological Weapons
Use deadly microorganisms to release viruses or bacteria
40
Proliferation
Spread of WMD
41
Non-proliferation treaty
Controlling the spread of nuclear materials and expertise
42
Mutually Assured Destruction
MAD, neither side can prevent the other from destroying it. You bomb us we bomb you. Always that possibility.
43
Causes of terrorism
- Decline of state-centric ideologies (Communism)
- globalization= religious mobilization
- communication and technology
- anger over foreign policy
- authoritarian regimes
44
Counter-terrorism
key goal: breaking the narrative of terrorist organizations
45
Solutions to terrorism
- Cell-phones and drones
| - cutting off the money for terrorist groups will cut off operations
46
Role of international organizations in war
Most international conflicts are not resolved through military force, rather international organizations
47
How are agree norms institutionalized?
Through organization, overtime gaining legitimacy
48
Most important international organization
The United Nations
49
Purpose of the UN
- Closest thing to a world government
- strengthens world order
- symbol, forum, mechanism, information
50
Structure of the UN
- General Assembly: representatives of all states
- Security Council: 5 great powers and ten rotating members make decisions
Secretariat: judicial arm
51
UN Security Council purpose
maintaining peace and security
52
Who are the P5?
US, Britain, France, Russia and China
53
Peacekeeping forces of the UN
used to calm regional conflicts
| function: observing or peacekeeping
54
Autonomous Agencies
General assembly works with other international agencies
| ex: World Health organization
55
Types of international organizations
- treaties / laws
- International organizations
- NGOs
- International regimes (informal groups_
56
Why do states join IOs?
Realists: way for strong states to get what they want
Liberals: help solve collective action problems
Constructivists: social reasons
57
Main issue of the UN
sovereignty vs governance
58
UN Secretary General
World moderator, a neutral actor for the globe, world president
59
European Union Structure
- council of the E.U: ministers of the state
- European Council: heads of government, approve laws
- European Commission: propose legislation
- European Parliament: approve laws of the EC
- Court of Justice: can strike down laws, judge from every member state
- Central bank
60
EU challenges
enlargement
61
supranational
when states turn some sovereignty over to a higher intergovernmental organization
62
International Integration theory
Merging of several states into a signal state or a single world. A central government.
63
international law
derives from traditional agreements signed by states
64
Sources of international law
1. treaties (most important source)
2. Customs: norms
3. general principles of law
4. legal scholarships
65
what does enforcement of International law depend on?
enforcement depends on the reciprocity principle
66
World Court Main Use
dispute issues of secondary importance
| No war will ever be solved using the world court
67
World Court
States can sue other states in the world court
68
Diplomatic recognition
Status of am embassy as an official state representative
69
diplomatic immunity
a privilege, actions fall outside of the host countries jurisdiction. Shielded from arrest.
70
Just-War Doctrine
legal wars, strong international norm.
| Legal if an aggression is repelling the attack or if punishing the aggressor. INTENT MUST BE JUST.
71
Wars of aggression are...
Illegal wars
72
The Universal Declaration of Human Rights
core international document concerning human rights
73
Enforcing humans rights
Hard because it involves interfering in a state's internal affairs-
- publicity: naming and shaming
- pressure
- humanitarian intervention (rare)
74
War crimes
Large-scale abuse of human rights
75
International Criminal Court (ICC)
hears cases of genocide, war crimes, and crimes against humanity
76
Triggers for the ICC
- state can turn over an individual for trial
- special prosecutor at the ICC can begin a trial if the crime occurred in the territory of the signatory state
- UN SC can proceed against individuals from non-signatory states
77
Geneva convention
Tribunal to deal with genocides
78
2 visions of International law
Realist vision: IL is weak, rules do not influence state behavior
Liberal vision: IL has limits but it matters
79
International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights Treaty
life, liberty, freedom of thought and religion
80
International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights
right to education, living wage, employment
81
Why do states violate H.R?
- incapacity
- national security
- to suppress domestic political dissent
- threat to leaders survival
82
Power of technology
changing how information and culture function within IR
83
Social media is used as...
A tool of revolution
| - allows for communication and coordination
84
Digital Divide
UN thinks the internet is a human right
85
The global environmental issue is a....
Collective action problem
86
Two major problems of the atmosphere
1. Global warming
| 2. Depletion of the ozone layer
87
Extinction results from...
overhunting, overfishing, introducing nonnative species
88
Disputes over Major Sea Lane of Communication indicates which type of conflict
Economic conflict
89
Who is in charge of the military in democracies
Civilians
90
sensitivity interdependence theory (define)
cost of maintaining relationships
91
vulnerability interdependence theory (define)
cost of breaking relationships
| - how vulnerable one country would be to another country
92
clausewitz theory
war is diplomacy/politics by other means
| -rational policy choice
93
Keegan theory
war is of its own kind
| - irrational
94
Huntington theory
civil military relations
95
Finer theory
who deserves loyalty
| military vs civilians
96
Parallel cleavages
creates division and tension, leads to conflict
| ex: nationalism leading to civil war
97
Cross-cutting cleavages
better division and diversity, less conflict
98
EU challenges
- Euro crisis
- Democratic backsliding in Eastern Europe
- Brexit (could lead to domino effect)
- Enlargement
99
Bill of human rights
the right to life and liberty, freedom from slavery and torture, freedom of opinion and expression, the right to work and education
100
Eu History
- European coal and steel community (treaty of Paris)
- treaty of Rome (common market)
- widening
- deepening
101
Causes of Brexit
- immigration politics
| - economic policies
102
environmental issue is a...
collective action problem
103
3 types of environmental issues
1. global governance (kyoto, Paris agreement)
2. regional/cross-border (immigration, population)
3. within a country (population)
104
Kyoto (1992)
limiting greenhouse gas emissions
| - eventually many wanted out
105
Emerging Climate Regime
EU
California
Idea that if International regime is not going to enforce it, we will do it regionally or locally
106
Paris Agreement
- temp
- differenciation
- emmission objectives
- burden-sharing
- climate damage
