Midterm 2 Review Flashcards
Pace of physical development
- dramatic gains in height show in the childs first two years
- growth rate slows during preschool years
- girls and boys tend to gain about 5-8 cm in height per year and weight remain fairly even at 2-3 kg per year
Brain plasticity
brain’s ability to compensate for injuries to particular parts of the brain
Myelination
the increase in brain size is due in part to the continuing myelination of nerve fibres. Completion of myelination of the neural pathways that link the cerebellum to the cerebral cortex facilitates development of fine motor skills, balance and coordination
Gross Motor Skills
involving large muscles used in locomotion
- girls slight advantage in balance and precision
- boys slight advantage in throwing and kicking
Time spent in physical activity
- preschoolers spend an average of more than 25 hours a week in large-muscle activity
- motor activity level declines after 2-3 years of age; children less restless and can sit longer
- between 2-4 years of age increase, sustained focused attention
Rough and tumble play
consists of running, chasing, fleeing wrestling, hitting with an open hand, laughing, and making faces
Symbolic Play (preoperational phase)
- language ability is the greatest symbolic acitvity during this stage
- is engaged in from 15 months of age
- increases in complexity as childs age
65% of preschoolers have imaginery friends - play in which children make believe that objects and toys are other than what they are. Also called pretend play
Egocentrism
- once dimensional thinking
- piaget used “three mountains” test to measure it
- putting oneself at the centre of things such that one is unable to perceive the world from another person’s point of view
conservation
- law that holds that properties of substances such as volume, mass and number remain the same even if you change their shape or arrangement
Overregularizaton
- the application of regular grammatical rules for forming inflections to irregular verbs and nouns
- children acquire grammatical rules as they learn language; young ages apply rules rigidly
- reflects accurate knowledge of grammar
Characteristics of warm parents
- affectionate
child develops an internal standard of conduct and morals
Authoritative and authoritarian parenting
authoritative - a child-rearing style in which parents are restrictive and demanding yet communicative and warm
Authoritarian - a child-rearing style in which parents demand submission and obedience
Power assertive parents
- physical punishment & denial of privileges
- rationalize physical punishment due to noncompliance of children
- child is less likely to develop internal standards of conduct
- parental rejection and punishment linked with aggression and delinquency
Permissive-indulgent parents
child rearing style in which parents are warm and not restrictive
Regression examples
return to behaviour characteristics of earlier sages of development
Piaget’s four types of play
Functional play - beginning in the sensorimotor stage, the first kind of play involves repetitive motor activity, such as rolling a ball or running and laughing
Symbolic play - also called pretend play, imaginative play or dramatic play emerges toward the end of the sensorimotor stage and increases during early childhood. In symbolic play children create settings, characters and scripts
Constructive play - children use objects or materials to draw or make something such as a tower of blocks
Formal games - games with rules include board games, which are sometimes enchanced or invented by children and games involving motor skills, such as marbles and hopscotch, ball games involving sides or teams and video games. Such games may involve social interaction as well as physical activity and rules. People play such games for a lifetime.
Prosocial behaviour
also known as altruism , refers to behaviour that is intended to benefit another without expectation of reward. This includes sharing, cooperating and helping and comforting others in distress
Theories of aggression
genetic factors may be involved in aggressive behaviour, including criminal and antisocial behaviour.
Social cognitive explanations of aggression focus on environmental factors such as reinforcement and observational learning