Midterm 2 Review: Abdomen and Pelvis Flashcards
(30 cards)
what layer of abdominal muscle forms the inguinal ligament
inferomedial fibres of the external oblique. Inguinal ligament spans from the anterior superior iliac spine to the pubic tubercle
what layers of abdominal muscle form the inguinal canal
deep inguinal ring is formed from transversalis fascia. superficial inguinal ring is formed by opening in the aponeurosis od the external oblique. inguinal canal spans between the deep and superficial rings
linea alba
a midline raphe where the aponeuroses of right and left, superficial and deep flat muscles interweave.
where does the transition between rectus sheath and linea alba occur
semilunar line
where is the arcuate line located and what is it
the arcuate line is 1/3 of the distance between the umbilicus and the pubic crest and marks the transition between rectus abdominis being covered posteriorly by EO, IO, and transversalis fascia to only being covered by transversalis fascia posteriorly.
describe a direct vs indirect inguinal hernia
indirect: caused by patent processus vaginalis, transverses inguinal canal within processes vaginalis, passes via superficial ring inside cord, often into scrotum
direct: caused by weakness of anterior abdominal wall in inguinal triangle, typically only transverse medial third of inguinal canal. exits via superficial ring lateral to cord, rarely enters scrotum
what part of the processus vaginialis is obliterated in descent of the testes in embryo?
This descent of the testes into the scrotum is accompanied by a fold of peritoneum of the processus vaginalis. Normally, the proximal portion of processus vaginalis gets obliterated (by 9th month) while the distal portion persists as the tunica vaginalis covering the anterior, lateral, and medial aspects of the testes
list the coverings the testes pick up on their descent from deep to superficial
- transversalis fascia (forming deep inguinal ring)
- transversus abdominis
- internal oblique
- external oblique (forming superficial inguinal ring)
where do testes develop and how are they connected to the scrotum?
develop near kidneys in extraperitoneal fascia and are connected via the gubernaculum.
what section of abdominal muscle gives rise to the cremaster muscle? What does it do?
internal oblique. cremaster reflex maintains temperature ideal for spermatogenesis
define intraperitoneal and list organs
almonst completley covered with visceral peritoneum. Stomach, liver, spleen
define subperitoneal and preperitoneal
subperitoneal: inferior to peritoneal cavity
preperitoneal: anterior to peritoneal cavity
compare primarly vs secondarly retroperitoneal and list all retroperitoneal organs
primarly retroperitoneal: posterior to peritoneal cavity. develops extraperitoneally.
*secondarly retroperitoneal: develops intraperitoneally and became retroperitoneal when its mesentary fused with the posterior abdominal wall.
S uprarenal glands
A orta and inferior vena cava
D uodenum*
P ancreas*
U reters
C olon (ascending and descending)*
K idneys
E sophagus
R ectum
what is a mesentery
a fold of peritoneum attaching viscera to the posterior abdominal wall
describe the right and left renal arteries and veins
R. Renal vein: shorter than left rena veinl, croses posterior to inferior vena cava
L. Renal vein : crosses anterior to aorta, posterior to superior mesiatric artery
R. Renal Artery: longer than left renal artery, crosses posterior to IVC
L. Renal Artery: lies posterior to left renal vein
list all foregut derivatives and their nerve, lymphatic, and blood supply. where does pain from this region refer to?
pain refers epigastrically.
Organs: -distal esophagus
- liver
- stomach
- gallbladder
- pancreas
- proximal duodenum
Blood: celiac trunk and branches
Lymphatics: celiac lymph nodes
Nerves: sympathetic from celiac ganglion and celiac trunk (T5-T9 via greater sphlachnic). parasympathetic from vagus nerve
list all midgut derivatives and their nerve, lymphatic, and blood supply. Where does pain from this region refer to?
pain refers periumbically.
Organs: -distal duodenum
- jejunum
-ileum
- 2/3 transverse colon
- ascending colon
- cecum
- appendix
Blood: superior mesentric artery and branches
Lymphatics: superior mesentric lymph nodes
Nerves: superior mesentric ganglion and artery from lateral horms T10-11 via lesser sphlacnic. Parasympathetics from vagus nerve.
list all hindgut derivatives and their nerve, lymphatic, and blood supply. Where does pain from this region refer to?
pain refers suprapubically.
Organs: - 1/3 transverse colon
- descending colon
- sigmoid colon
- rectum
Blood: inferior mesentric artery and branches
Lymphatics:inferior mesentric lymph nodes
Nerves: inferior mesentric ganglion from lateral horns L1-L2. parasympathetic from splanchnic nerves.
what are the components of the renal corpuscle and what is its function
Made up of the glomerulus inside the glomerular capsule. Glomerulus is formed by a tuft of capillaries in the end of the renal tubule. Filters blood and collects filtrate in capsular space before sending through rest of nephron. visceral layer consists of simple squamous epithelium and parietal layer consists of simple cubiodal epithelium.
what percent of urine is formed from total filtrate
about 1% (190L/day of filtrate formed, only about 1.8L urine)
where are the visceral and parietal layers of the renal corpuscle continuous with one another
vascular pole
describe the course of the ureters from the kidney to the bladder
retroperitoneal, run inferiorly anterior to psoas major muscle, acorss external iliac artery where it’s formed by the bifuration of the common iliac artery
what is the only intraperitoneal organ not covered by visceral peritoneum
the ovaries
what ligaments suspend the ovaries in place
suspended from posterosuerior aspect of broad ligament by the mesovarium
suspended from the lateral pelvic wall by the suspensory ligament of the ovary
attached to the uterus by the ovarian ligament
