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ped 216 > Midterm 2 Terms > Flashcards

Midterm 2 Terms Flashcards

1
Q

latent Period

A

Delay between muscle AP, and start of muscle tension

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2
Q

Summation

A

high frequency of action potentials increases force generated by a single muscle fibre

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3
Q

Type I muscle fibres

A

Slow twitch (red muscle, known as red meat)

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4
Q

Typer II A/ II B muscle fibers

A

Type II A - fast-twitch oxidative glycolytic fibers

Type II B - Fast-twitch glycolytic fibres

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5
Q

Motor unit

A

one motor neuron and all the muscle fibres it innervates

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6
Q

Sarcoplasmic Reticulum

A

modified endoplasmic reticulum that wraps around each myofibril

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7
Q

T tubules

A

t tubules dive deep into the muscle fibre which allows action potentials to move rapidly from the surface of the cell into the interior of the fibre so that they reach the terminal cisternae

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8
Q

neuromuscular junction

A
  • At the neuromuscular junction, ACh is always excitatory and always causes the muscle to contract
  • ACh released from motor neurons converted to an electrical signal in the muscle fibre
  • in order to prevent muscle contraction, we have to prevent the release of acetylcholine at the neuromuscular junction
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9
Q

latent period

A

the delay between muscle AP & start of muscle tension

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10
Q

myosin light chain phosphate

A

dephosphorylation of myosin light chain decrease myosin light chain activity

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11
Q

calmodulin

A

binding protein

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12
Q

electromechanical coupling

A
  • contraction initiated by electrical signals

- leads to Ca+ entry into the cell

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13
Q

pharmacomechanical coupling

A
  • smooth muscle contraction controlled by chemical signals without significant changes in membrane potential
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14
Q

slow-wave potential

A
  • cells exhibit cyclic depolarization and repolarization

- can result in action potential in cell that reaches threshold

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15
Q

pacemaker potential

A
  • cells that have oscillating membrane potentials can have regular depolarizations that always reach the threshold (fire an action potential)
  • creates a regular rhythm of contraction
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16
Q

nitric oxide

A

paracrine signal released from endothelial lining causing relaxation of smooth muscle

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17
Q

efferent neuron

A

carry information from the CNS to various parts of the body

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18
Q

Sensory/affarent neuron

A

carry information from sensory receptors to CNS

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19
Q

interneuron

A

neurons that lie entirely within the CNS

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20
Q

special senses

A

vision, hearing, taste, smell, equilibrium

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21
Q

somatic senses

A

touch, temperature, pain, itch, proprioception

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22
Q

mechanoreceptor

A

respond to mechanical energy

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23
Q

thermoreceptor

A

temperature

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24
Q

receptor threshold

A

change in sensory receptor membrane potential

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25
receptive field
the physical area within which a stimulus will activate neurons
26
convergence
multiple presynaptic neurons provide signals to a smaller number of postsynaptic neurons
27
second/third-order neurons
bring information into the thalamus, but sometimes directly to the cortex
28
thalamus
relay station
29
perceptual threshold
level of stimulus intensity required for you to be aware of the sensation (is the threshold for conscious awareness)
30
habituation
decreased perception of a stimulus
31
lateral inhibition
the strongest signal drowns out signals next to it when one receptor is activated
32
tonic receptors
are slowly adapting. - they fire rapidly at first slow and maintain firing as long as a stimulus is present
33
phasic receptors
rapidly adapting receptors | - fire when the stimulus is first received, stop if the strength of the stimulus is constant
34
plasticity
a region can expand with use
35
deep somatic pain
felt in skeletal muscles
36
visceral pain
heart & internal organs; poorly localized, can sometimes be felt in areas far removed from the site of the stimulus
37
tympanic membrane
eardrum
38
eustachian tube
eustachian tube blocks off the middle ear. however, it does open periodically to allow the pressure in the middle ear to equilibrate with the pressure in the atmosphere during actions such as chewing, yawning, and swallowing
39
incus, malleus, stapes
the 3 middle ear bones are connected to one another with hinges
40
vestibulocochlear nerve
leads from inner ear to the brain, transmits both hearing and equilibrium information the brain
41
oval window
seperate fluid filled cochlea from air filled middle ear
42
hair cells
sense movement of endlymph in various directions
43
sound transduction
Sound waves are translated to mechanical vibrations, which gets converted to fluid waves, this then gets converted to an electrical signal, which will trigger an action potnetial in primary auditory neuron
44
cochlea
membranous tube shaped like a snail shell, with sensory receptors for hearing
45
pitch
frequency of sound waves
46
Amplitude
a higher amplitude = louder
47
conductive hearing loss
sound cannot pass through external or middle ear
48
central hearing loss
damage to neural pathways (eg. stroke)
49
sensorineural hearing loss
damage to the inner ear structure (eg. death of hair cells due to loud noise). - NOT REVERSIBLE
50
vestibular apparatus
structure within the ear that is responsible for equilibrium
51
otolith membrane
fibrous structure located in the vestibular system of the inner ear
52
pupil
opening where light enters (black spot in the iris)
53
lens
transparent disk for focusing light
54
aqueous humor
plasm like fluid, that fills chamber in front of lens
55
ciliary muscle
adjusts lens shape for focus
56
sclera
outer wall of eyeball (connective tissues), white part of the eye
57
phototransduction
photoreceptors of retina (rods & cones) convert light energy into electrical signals
58
binocular zone
central portion of the visual field
59
photoreceptor
convert light energy into electrical signals
60
proprioception
the awareness of where your body is in space
61
nociceptors
pain receptors
62
somatosensory cortex
right behind the motor cortex, recognizes where ascending sensory tracts originate
63
olfactory epithelium
3cm2 patch where olfactory sensory neurons are concentrated (nasal cavity)
64
autonomic/somatic reflex
autonomic reflexes - responses controlled by autonomic neurons somatic reflexes - involve somatic motor neurons and skeletal muscles
65
spinal/cranial reflex
spinal reflexes - integrated in the spinal cord; can occur without any input from the brain cranial reflexes - reflexes integrated in the brain
66
innate/learned reflex
innate - we are born with them (knee jerk) | learned - acquired through experience
67
mono/polysynaptic reflex
monosynaptic - a single synapse between two neurons in a pathway - there is a sensory neuron and an a efferent neuron somatic neuron polysynaptic - complex, extensive branching in CNS; multiple interneurons. there are at least 2 synapse.
68
skeletal muscle reflex
Proprioceptors - afferent signal - central nervous system - efferent signal - muscle - contraction
69
muscle spindle
- responds to a stretch. send information to the spinal cord
70
Golgi tendons
- respond to muscle tension. | causes relaxation of the muscle
71
muscle tone
a resting muscle still has tension
72
flexion reflex
polysynaptic reflex pathways that cause withdrawal from noxious stimuli
73
central pattern generator
will maintain repetitive activity

ped 216 (11 decks)

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