Midterm 2 Vocab Flashcards
chapters 7 & 8 (38 cards)
Stratification
systematic inequalities between groups of people that arise as intended or unintended consequences of social processes and relationships.
Ontological equality is
the notion that everyone is created equal in the eyes of God.
Equality of opportunity is
the idea that inequality of condition is acceptable so long as everyone has the same opportunities for advancement and is judged by the same standards.
Equality of condition is
the idea that everyone should have an equal starting point from which to pursue his or her goals. led to affirmative action
Equality of outcome is
the notion that everyone in a society should end up with the same “rewards” regardless of his or her starting point, opportunities, or contributions.
The estate system is
system of stratification characterized by land ownership & political power, limited social mobility (ascribed but possibly achieved)
The caste system is
system of stratification classified by birth (ascribed status) NO mobility, based on notions of (religious and theological purity)
The class system is
system of stratification characterized by loose social mobility and based on occupation, wealth, education (achieved status)
It can be difficult to define class because
class means different things to different people and because people don’t always fit neatly into just one category.
The status hierarchy system is a
system of stratification based on social prestige. can be linked to different things—sociologists have most often studied occupational status.
The elite–mass dichotomy system is
a system of stratification that has a governing elite—a few leaders who broadly hold the power of society.
Socioeconomic status refers to
an individual’s position in a stratified social order.
The middle class has historically been composed of
white-collar workers, and the working class of manual laborers. in the post–World War II economic boom, the working class essentially merged with the middle class. Higher wages gave manual laborers access to markers of middle-class achievement such as home ownership, providing their children with a college education, and an ample retirements savings.
The income gap between high-income and low-income individuals has
increased dramatically over the last 30 years
global inequality has
increased dramatically in the past 500 years
Social mobility is
the movement between different positions within a system of social stratification in any society, can be either horizontal or vertical and can take place on the individual or group level.
Structural mobility is
inevitable from changes in the economy such as the expansion of high-tech jobs.
Exchange mobility occurs when
people trade positions—the number of overall jobs stays the same, w/ some people moving up into better jobs and others moving down into worse ones.
A status-attainment model looks at
HOW one achieves their social status, looking at internal and external factors (family background, education, ambition/intelligence)
A mobility table is
a tool that shows the movement of individuals or groups between different social classes or occupational categories over time
Feminism is
an intellectual, awareness-raising movement based on the idea that women and men should be accorded equal opportunities and respect. getting people to understand that gender is an organizing principle of life.
Sex is
the natural or biological differences that distinguish males from females
gender is
a social construct that consists of a set of social arrangements that are built around sex.
hegemonic masculinity in society today
an “ideal” notion of a man that is dominant, changes over time proving that gender is not a rigid category
