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midterm Flashcards

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0
Q

Kinematics

A

Branch of mechanics that deals with the geometry of the motion of objects (incl. displacement, acceleration, velocity)

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1
Q

Mechanics

A

The study of forces and their effects

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2
Q

Kinetics

A

The study of relationships between the force system acting on the body and thechanges it produces in body motion

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3
Q

Biomechanics

A

uses principles of mechanics for solving problems related to structure and function of biologic and physiologic systems

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4
Q

what are Scalars

A 
only measures magnitude 
(Temperature 
Distance 
Speed 
Mass )
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5
Q

what are Vectors

A 
magnitude AND direction
Cannot speak of vectors without discussing direction 
(Displacement 
Velocity 
Acceleration 
Momentum 
Force)
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6
Q

what is Distance

A

scalar quantity

“how much ground an object has covered” during its motion

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7
Q

what is Displacement

A

vector quantity
• “how far out of place an object is“
• overall change in position
(so i think if something takes 2 steps forward and then 2 steps back to the same spot the displacement would be 0)

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8
Q

what is Speed

A 
scalar quantity 
• "how fast an object is moving" 
• rate at which an object covers distance 
• Distance/time 
• ignorant of direction 
i am going 65mph
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9
Q

what is Velocity

A

• vector quantity
• “the rate at which an object changes its position”
• to maximize velocity, must maximize the amount displaced from original position
• Displacement/time
• direction aware
so like i am headed west at 65mph

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10
Q

what is Acceleration

A

vector quantity
The rate at which an object changesits velocity
•It has a direction associated with it
(could be negative of positive acceleration)

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11
Q

what is Mass

A 
scalar quantity 
amount of matter
• Quantity of matter composing and object 
• grams or kilograms 
• Often confused with “weight”  
• Weight involves force
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12
Q

what is Momentum

A 
vector quantity  
• "mass in motion" 
• Quantity of motion an object possesses 
• = MASS * VELOCITY 
• p = m*v
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13
Q

what is Force

A

vector quantity

measured in Newtons (N)

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14
Q

what is the formula for force

A

1N= 1 kg*m/s2

One Newton is the amount of force required to give a1-kg mass an acceleration of 1 meter/second/second

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15
Q

what is weight

A

The weight (N) of an object is the force of gravity acting upon that object

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16
Q

what is Newton’s First Law

A

aka the law of inertia
An object at rest stays at rest and an object in motion stays in motion with the same speed and in the same direction unless acted upon by an unbalanced force

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17
Q

what is Newton’s Second Law

A

AKA Law of Force and Acceleration
The acceleration of an object depends directly uponthe net force acting upon the object, and inversely upon the mass of the object
F=ma

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18
Q

what is Newton’s Third Law

A

aka Law of action and reaction

For every action, there is an equal and opposite reaction

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19
Q

what is Normal Stress

A

The intensity of force perpendicular to the surface on which it acts

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20
Q

what is shear stress

A

The intensity of force parallel to the surface on which it acts

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21
Q

what are Tensile forces

A

elongate or pull things apart

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22
Q

what are Compressive forces

A

compacts an object

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23
Q

what is Static Friction

A

exists when two contacting surfaces are not currently sliding relative to each other but do possess the potential for movement

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24
what is dynamic friction
AKA Kinetic Friction | friction in cases when the two surfaces are already sliding relative to each other
25
look at slides 4 5 and 6 in 2 to learn this
yep dont know how to explain this one. Pressure, Force Work, Power
26
what is Kinetic Energy
The energy an object possesses due to motion
27
what is Torque
Product of force and lever arm | • the tendency of an eccentric (offcenter) force to rotate an object around an axis
28
what is a lever arm
Perpendicular distance from an axis of rotation to a line along which a force acts
29
what is stress
measures the intensity of theforce
30
what is Strain
a measure of the degree ofdeformation
31
Yield strength
= stress at the yield point of a materialbeyond which permanent deformation will occur
32
Ultimate strength
the maximal stress that a material can withstand prior to the initiation of failure
33
Failure strength
the stress at which the material actually breaks or ruptures
34
yield point
point at which the applied stress can lead to permanent deformation
35
Plastic region
the nonlinear response of the material after the yield point - some degree of deformation will persist after removal of the stress
36
Creep
Continued deformation over time when constantly loaded | • Creep in tissue occurs due to the expulsionof water
37
Relaxation
the corresponding eventual decrease in | stress that will occur as fluid is no longer exuded
38
Hysteresis
energy loss exhibited by viscoelastic materials when they are subjected to loadingand unloading cycles
39
Toe Region
Normal range of motion | Little force required to remove the“crimping” or “slack” in the tissue
40
Micro-Failure
Small amount of damage to the tissue | Grade One Sprain
41
Yield Stress
The stress when plastic deformation starts “Magnitude of stress on the load-deformation curve at which appreciable deformation takes place without any appreciable increase in load”
42
Macro-Failure
The tissue undergoes plastic deformation Grade Two Sprain Eventually the tissue ruptures Grade Three Sprain
43
what is are STRAINS
A strain is an overexertion orstress on contractile tissues Muscle tendon
44
what are the characteristic stages of healing of strains/sprains
Inflammation Repair Remodeling
45
Grade One Strain
few of the fibers are torn slight pain minor weakness and loss of function Decreased range of motion
46
Grade Two Strain
About ¼ - ½ of the muscle/tendon is torn Moderate to major weakness and loss of function painful Decreased range of motion
47
Grade Three Strain
All fibers are torn Major weakness and loss of function no or mild pain increase in ROM
48
what is a SPRAIN
Overexertion or stress on non-contractile tissues Ligament Capsule
49
grade 1, 2 and 3 sprains
they are the same as strains
50
Capsular Pattern
The pattern of restriction in a joint due to limitationsin capsule restrictions
51
Non-capsular patterns
can arise from joint mice, impingements, plica, or some sort of internal derangement
52
Close Pack Positions for the Glenohumeral
Abduction and External Rotation
53
Close Pack Positions for the wrist
Extension and Radial Deviation
54
Close Pack Positions for the hip
Full Extension and Internal Rotation
55
Close Pack Positions for the knee
Full Extension and External Tibial Rotation
56
Close Pack Positions for the Talocrural
Full Dorsiflexion
57
Close Pack Positions for the Interphalangeal
Full Extension
58
who is the most likely to get Scoliosis
females | MC ages of 10 – 15
59
What is scoliosis?
If curve is >10º,accompanied by vertebral rotation, it is called scoliosis
60
Functional scoliosis
Often caused by some postural problem, muscle spasm, or leg-length inequality, which can often be addressed
61
Structural scoliosis
Bony distortion, does not reduce with postural maneuvers
62
who is at the highest risk to get Idiopathic Scoliosis
Young girls who have scolioses of >25º, but who have not yet had their first menstrual period are at highest risk
63
Treatment Options for Scoliosis
Careful observation Bracing Surgery Chiropractic Interventions
64
Scoliosis Screening Recommendations from American Academy of Orthopedic Surgeons
* Screen girls at ages 11 and 13 | * Screen boys once at age 13 or 14
65
Scoliosis Screening Recommendations from American Academy of Pediatrics
• Screen at 10, 12, 14 and 16 years
66
How to measure for Scoliosis
Measure Spinal Curvature Using Cobb Method | slide 17 in scoliosis
67
Nucleus Pulposus
Centrally located | 70-90% water content
68
how does the Nucleus Pulposus get the water inside
Osmosis because Disc cells make the “solutes”
69
Lumbar nuclei fill what % of the total disc area in cross-section
30-50% and are more posterior than central
70
Annulus Fibrosus
Gradual differentiation from the nucleus | Fibrous tissue in concentric laminated bands (slide 9)
71
how are the Annulus Fibrosus attached to the cartilaginous endplates in the inner zone
firmly attached
72
Peripheral zone Annulus fibers attach to the vertebral body by
“Sharpey’s Fibers” (slide 11)
73
The nucleus pulposus derives most or all of its nutrition from
the end plate
74
Cartilaginous End Plate
- Attached to the IVD and vertebral body - Anchor for fibers of the nucleus and annulus - Prevent vertebral bodies from pressure atrophy - Maintain nuclear and annular borders
75
how does the Cartilaginous End Plate gets it nutrients
Diffusion of nutrients occurs in the central portion Blood vessels lie close to the end plate Nutrients diffuse into disc (Osmosis)
76
what happens to the disc overnight
- Hydrostatic pressure decreases - Osmotic pressure increases - Fluid volume in disc increases - Disc expands - Increased resistance to bending
77
what happens to the disc during the day
``` Fluid exits the disc Disc space narrows (Ligament tension decreases) ROM increases (Lumbar flexion up to 50%) Loss in seated height approx 20mm ```
78
Loads imposed on the Disc Compressive Loads
MOST COMMON • Gravity and muscle co-contraction • Flexion, Extension, and Lateral Bending
79
Loads imposed on the Disc Tensile Stresses
* Flexion, Extension, and Lateral Bending | * Traction
80
Loads imposed on the Disc Shear Stresses
* Axial rotation of the torso with respect to the pelvis * Anterior Posterior * Left right
81
what is a Schmorl’s Nodes
look at slide 23-24 With compression, the vertebral end-plates fracture Then nucleus is then found migrating into the bodies
82
Protrusion/Bulge
Disc bulges posterior without rupture of the annulus
83
Prolapse
Only the outermost annular fiberscontain the nucleus
84
Extrusion
* Annulus fibrosus is perforated | * Discal material moves into the epidural space
85
Sequestration
Formation of discal fragments from the annulus and nucleus outside of the disc slide 28

Biomechanics (1 decks)

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