Midterm

Question 1

Florigen

Answer 1

suspected transmissible hormone in the 1960s, probably a multifactorial control and not a single hormone

Question 2

Photoperiodism

Answer 2

effect of light on plants

Question 3

Which is more important? Length of light or dark?

Answer 3

Dark

Question 4

What is the master regulator in flowering?

Answer 4

Transcription factors

Question 5

How do transcription factors regulate flowering?

Answer 5

1) Bind to gene promoters
2) Activate or repress gene expression
3) flowering occurs

Question 6

What are the two disticnt control factors affect flowering?

Answer 6

Environmental (photoperiodism) and genetic controls (FT)

Question 7

Where does florigen work?

Answer 7

In the shoot apical meristem of plants to induce flowering

Question 8

Where is florigen produced?

Answer 8

in the leaves

Question 9

What is the combinatorial (ABC) model? How does it work?

Answer 9

The ABC model is the model that explains the formation of the sepal, petal, stamen and carpels. A and B combine, B and C combine, but A and C have an atagonistic effect.

Question 10

What is the evidence that flowers evovled from leaves?

Answer 10

Mutant flowers that appear to be leaves.

Question 11

what parts make up the stamen?

Answer 11

Anther and filament

Question 12

what parts make up the carpel?

Answer 12

Stigma, style

Question 13

Which hormone or transcription factor promotes the production of FT? Where does this take place? When is it produced?

Answer 13

Constans (CO), in the leaf. It is produced during long days

Question 14

What are the types of floresences we are responsible for knowing (7 in all)

Answer 14

1) Raceme
2) Spike (spikelet)
3) Panicle
4) Catkin
5) corymb
6) Umbel
7) Disk

Question 15

Gynoecium

Answer 15

female part of flower, containing one or more carpels

Question 16

What is a seed?

Answer 16

A mature ovule

Question 17

Where are the pollen sacs located?

Answer 17

anther

Question 18

What is the entrance to the ovule?

Answer 18

micropyle

Question 19

how many cells make up the pollen tube?

Answer 19

one

Question 20

Define tapetum

Answer 20

nutritive cells in pollen sacs

Question 21

define microsporocytes

Answer 21

pollen mother cells

Question 22

What three layers make up the pollen sac?

Answer 22

Epidermis, Tapetum, Microsporocytes

Question 23

What is the sequence of Double Fertilization?

Answer 23

1) Pollen acceptance by Carpel
2) Pollen tube elongation (guided by synergid cells)
3) transfers of sperm nuclei
4) fusion of egg cell to make embryo
5) fusion of central nuclei to make endosperm

Question 24

what are the two parts of the pollen tube during elongation?

Answer 24

the base is the exine, the whole thing is the intine

Question 25

what is the role of the antipodal cells?

Answer 25

their role is not well known.

Question 26

What are the two types of guidance for the pollen tube?

Answer 26

Funicular and Micropylar

Question 27

heterosis

Answer 27

the tendency of a crossbred individual to show qualities superior to those of both parents. Also called hybrid vigor.

Question 28

What is the result of male sterility in pollination?

Answer 28

The resulting generation is all F1 hybrid.

Question 29

A mutation in which gene results in non-viable pollen?

Answer 29

USP, UDP-sugar-pyrophosphorylase

Question 30

What kind of cells are on the stigma?

Answer 30

Papillar cells, which aid in ID of pollen

Question 31

Embryogenesis is rougly divided into what three stages?

Answer 31

Early, Mid and Late

Question 32

What stage make up early development (3)?

Answer 32

Globular, transition, and heart

Question 33

What stages make up mid development?

Answer 33

Torpedo and linear

Question 34

what stages make up late development?

Answer 34

Walking stick and mature

Question 35

what is the name of the structure that supports the embryo?

Answer 35

suspensor

Question 36

What kind of division does the Zygote do?

Answer 36

Assymmetrical, transverse division

Question 37

What are the two ends of the zygote called?

Answer 37

Apical (Chalazal) and Basal (Micropylar)

Question 38

When are the fate of the cells determined in embryo development?

Answer 38

By the globular stage, they are already determined

Question 39

Totipotency

Answer 39

cell can develop into a compelete organism

Question 40

pluripotency

Answer 40

cells have a restricted capacity to differentiate. can be induced to act like surrounding cells

Question 41

What are the products of photosynthesis in terms of mid-embryogenesis?

Answer 41

Carbohydrates, lipids and proteins

Question 42

What form are carbohydrates and polysaccharides in plants?

Answer 42

Starches

Question 43

What's the difference between amylose and amylopectin?

Answer 43

Amylose is a single chain, amylopectin has branches.

Question 44

What causes the mutation "Shrunken 2"

Answer 44

AGP and the accumulation of starches

Question 45

What is TAG?

Answer 45

Triacylglycerol, Major lipid

Question 46

How does Osborne classifty proteins?

Answer 46

Solubility

Question 47

How are globulins dissolved?

Answer 47

Salt

Question 48

where are oil bodies located? what do they surround?

Answer 48

endosperm and cotyledon cells, and they surround protein storage vacuoles

Question 49

what are two toxic seed proteins?

Answer 49

ricin and abrin

Question 50

Where will you find prolamins?

Answer 50

monocots only