Paralinguistic cues:
intonation, stress, speed/rate, pauses
5 aspects of language:
Form: 1. syntax, 2. morphology, 3. phonology. Content: 4. semantics/meaning. Use: 5. pragmatics
Face-to-face conversation:
Non-speech means may carry up to 60% of the information.
Synatx:
Think of word order. Definition: rules that govern the form or structure of a sentence, specifying word order, sentence organization and the relationship between words, word classes and other sentence elements.
Morphemes
smallest grammatical unit, indivisible without violating the meaning or producing meaningless unit.
Behavioral theory—complex language structures (how learned):
Complex behaviors are learned by chaining or by shaping– successive approximation. Little steps to get to target.
Phrase structure rules:
Delineate the basic relationships underlying all sentence organization, regardless of language being used. They’re innate, universal and found in the LAD.
Early semantic rules:
agent + action, agent + action + object
Intentions expressed through:
gestures
Updated version of psycholinguistic-syntatic model:
government binding theory
Early psycholinguists feel adult-to-adult speech is:
A very poor model
Assumption of semantic approach is:
content or meaning proceeds language form.
Phonation:
Takes place at the vocal folds.
Myelination:
The development of a protective myelin sheath or sleeve around the cranial nerves.
Infant crying:
initially cries on both inhalation and exhalation. Crying helps the child become accustomed to air flow across vocal cords and to modified breathing pattering. Most frequent before feeding and bed time.
Infant’s hearing:
the inner ear is formed by 20 weeks post-conception, and the fetus’s hearing is functional at this point.
Development cycle:
each area has it’s own predictable development cycle
Behavior of sensorimotor stage 1 child:
almost totally reflexive.
Babbling:
random sound play. minimal effect of auditory input upon
Language acquisition of 12-24 mo. old characterized by:
an innate or born language acquisition mechanism.
Speech act:
the unit of language that include the form, content and use of an utterance.
Typical 4 year old:
may ask several hundred questions in a single day.
Decentration:
The ability to consider several aspects of a physical problem at once, rather than focusing only a few.
Figurative language:
Consists of idioms, metaphors, similes and proverbs, represents abstract concepts not always stated in a literal interpretation.
Neurons consists of:
cell body, single axon and dendrites.
Most of nervous systems neurons are (where):
concentrated in the CNS
Gross brain weight changes most rapidly:
within the first two years.
Orientation:
the ability to sustain attention over time.
Memory is hindered by:
poor organization
Retained in long-term memory by:
rehearsal and repetition.
Assimilation:
the process of incorporating external stimuli into existing schemes.
Communication without speech and language:
sign language and communicating non-verbally.
Resonation:
process of basic phonation by means of respiration.
Rooting reflex:
Results from tactile stimulation of the cheek near the mouth. So they can move towards it to get nourishment.
Generalization:
ability to apply learned material in solving similar but novel problems.
Order of acquisition of speech sound production:
The order we acquire speech is not related to frequency of appearance in our language.
Preschool years characterized by period of rapid ______ growth.
syntactic
Vocal tract consists of:
throat, mouth and nasal cavity
Systems that support production of speech:
Laryngeal, respiratory, articulatory resonating system
Pulmonary system consists primarily of:
primarily of the lungs and the trachea
Tidal breathing:
quiet or tidal breathing is breathing to sustain life
Neurolinguistics:
The study of anatomy, physiology and biochemistry of the of the brain responsible for language and processing and formulation.
CNS consists of:
brain and spinal cord
Within the motor cortex, the finer movement controlled:
the finer the motor movement, the larger the cortical area designated for it.
Schemes:
Are a baby’s cognitive structures used for processing incoming sensory information. An event is perceived in a certain way and organized or categorized according to common characteristics.
4 steps of information processing:
attention, discrimination, organization, memory.