Midterm

Question 1

Paralinguistic cues:

Answer 1

intonation, stress, speed/rate, pauses

Question 2

5 aspects of language:

Answer 2

Form: 1. syntax, 2. morphology, 3. phonology. Content: 4. semantics/meaning. Use: 5. pragmatics

Question 3

Face-to-face conversation:

Answer 3

Non-speech means may carry up to 60% of the information.

Question 4

Synatx:

Answer 4

Think of word order. Definition: rules that govern the form or structure of a sentence, specifying word order, sentence organization and the relationship between words, word classes and other sentence elements.

Question 5

Morphemes

Answer 5

smallest grammatical unit, indivisible without violating the meaning or producing meaningless unit.

Question 6

Behavioral theory—complex language structures (how learned):

Answer 6

Complex behaviors are learned by chaining or by shaping– successive approximation. Little steps to get to target.

Question 7

Phrase structure rules:

Answer 7

Delineate the basic relationships underlying all sentence organization, regardless of language being used. They’re innate, universal and found in the LAD.

Question 8

Early semantic rules:

Answer 8

agent + action, agent + action + object

Question 9

Intentions expressed through:

Answer 9

gestures

Question 10

Updated version of psycholinguistic-syntatic model:

Answer 10

government binding theory

Question 11

Early psycholinguists feel adult-to-adult speech is:

Answer 11

A very poor model

Question 12

Assumption of semantic approach is:

Answer 12

content or meaning proceeds language form.

Question 13

Phonation:

Answer 13

Takes place at the vocal folds.

Question 14

Myelination:

Answer 14

The development of a protective myelin sheath or sleeve around the cranial nerves.

Question 15

Infant crying:

Answer 15

initially cries on both inhalation and exhalation. Crying helps the child become accustomed to air flow across vocal cords and to modified breathing pattering. Most frequent before feeding and bed time.

Question 16

Infant’s hearing:

Answer 16

the inner ear is formed by 20 weeks post-conception, and the fetus’s hearing is functional at this point.

Question 17

Development cycle:

Answer 17

each area has it’s own predictable development cycle

Question 18

Behavior of sensorimotor stage 1 child:

Answer 18

almost totally reflexive.

Question 19

Babbling:

Answer 19

random sound play. minimal effect of auditory input upon

Question 20

Language acquisition of 12-24 mo. old characterized by:

Answer 20

an innate or born language acquisition mechanism.

Question 21

Speech act:

Answer 21

the unit of language that include the form, content and use of an utterance.

Question 22

Typical 4 year old:

Answer 22

may ask several hundred questions in a single day.

Question 23

Decentration:

Answer 23

The ability to consider several aspects of a physical problem at once, rather than focusing only a few.

Question 24

Figurative language:

Answer 24

Consists of idioms, metaphors, similes and proverbs, represents abstract concepts not always stated in a literal interpretation.

Question 25

Neurons consists of:

Answer 25

cell body, single axon and dendrites.

Question 26

Most of nervous systems neurons are (where):

Answer 26

concentrated in the CNS

Question 27

Gross brain weight changes most rapidly:

Answer 27

within the first two years.

Question 28

Orientation:

Answer 28

the ability to sustain attention over time.

Question 29

Memory is hindered by:

Answer 29

poor organization

Question 30

Retained in long-term memory by:

Answer 30

rehearsal and repetition.

Question 31

Assimilation:

Answer 31

the process of incorporating external stimuli into existing schemes.

Question 32

Communication without speech and language:

Answer 32

sign language and communicating non-verbally.

Question 33

Resonation:

Answer 33

process of basic phonation by means of respiration.

Question 34

Rooting reflex:

Answer 34

Results from tactile stimulation of the cheek near the mouth. So they can move towards it to get nourishment.

Question 35

Generalization:

Answer 35

ability to apply learned material in solving similar but novel problems.

Question 36

Order of acquisition of speech sound production:

Answer 36

The order we acquire speech is not related to frequency of appearance in our language.

Question 37

Preschool years characterized by period of rapid ______ growth.

Answer 37

syntactic

Question 38

Vocal tract consists of:

Answer 38

throat, mouth and nasal cavity

Question 39

Systems that support production of speech:

Answer 39

Laryngeal, respiratory, articulatory resonating system

Question 40

Pulmonary system consists primarily of:

Answer 40

primarily of the lungs and the trachea

Question 41

Tidal breathing:

Answer 41

quiet or tidal breathing is breathing to sustain life

Question 42

Neurolinguistics:

Answer 42

The study of anatomy, physiology and biochemistry of the of the brain responsible for language and processing and formulation.

Question 43

CNS consists of:

Answer 43

brain and spinal cord

Question 44

Within the motor cortex, the finer movement controlled:

Answer 44

the finer the motor movement, the larger the cortical area designated for it.

Question 45

Schemes:

Answer 45

Are a baby’s cognitive structures used for processing incoming sensory information. An event is perceived in a certain way and organized or categorized according to common characteristics.

Question 46

4 steps of information processing:

Answer 46

attention, discrimination, organization, memory.