Midterm 3

Question 1

Symptoms definition

Answer 1

changes in body function that are felt by a patient as a result of disease

Question 2

Signs definition

Answer 2

changes in a body that can be measured or observes as a result of disease

Question 3

Syndrome definition

Answer 3

a specific group of signs and symptoms that accompany a disease

Question 4

Epidemiology

Answer 4

the study of distribution, frequency and spread of diseases and other related problems within human & populations, aiming at prevention and control of the diseases

Question 5

Sporadic

Answer 5

infrequent and scattered cases of a disease in a community (occurs only occasionally)

Question 6

Endemic

Answer 6

disease constantly present in a population

Question 7

epidemic

Answer 7

an outbreak of a disease in a community. i.e when number of cases exceeds that expected

Question 8

Pandemic

Answer 8

an epidemic occurring over a wide geographic area, more than one nation over the world.

Question 9

Disease is a result of what three forces

Answer 9

agent of infection
host
environment

Question 10

Incidence

Answer 10

number of new cases of a disease in a given area during a given period of time ( new cases divided by individuals at risk)

Question 11

Prevalence

Answer 11

number of total cases of a disease in a given area during a given period of time, regardless of when it first appeared (total number affected divided by total number of individuals)

Question 12

Acute disease

Answer 12

symptoms develop rapidly but the disease lasts only a short time

Question 13

Chronic disease

Answer 13

symptoms develop slowly (long lasting)

Question 14

Subacute disease

Answer 14

intermediate between acute and chronic

Question 15

Subclinical disease

Answer 15

no noticeable signs or symptoms (inapparent infections)

Question 16

Latent disease

Answer 16

causative agent is inactive for a time but then activates and produces symptoms

Question 17

Local infection

Answer 17

pathogens are limited to a small area of the body

Question 18

Systemic (generalized) infection

Answer 18

an infection throughout the body; often in the blood

Question 19

Sepsis

Answer 19

toxic inflammatory condition arising from the spread of microbes, especially bacteria or their toxins from a focus of infection

Question 20

Primary Infection

Answer 20

acute infection that causes the initial illness

Question 21

Secondary infection

Answer 21

opportunistic infection after a primary (predisposing) infection

Question 22

Incubation Period

Answer 22

interval between initial infection and first signs and symptoms

Question 23

Prodromal period

Answer 23

short period after incubation; early, mild symptoms

Question 24

Period of illness

Answer 24

disease is most severe

Question 25

period of decline

Answer 25

signs and symptoms subside

Question 26

Period of convalescence

Answer 26

body returns to its prediseased state

Question 27

Why are Carriers the most dangerous reservoir for infection/

Answer 27

The carriers don't know they are infected The carrier moves freely in the population Chronic carriers may have the infection over a long period of time

Question 28

Normal Microbiota _______ colonize the host and do not cause disease under normal conditions

Answer 28

permanently

Question 29

Transient Microbiota may be present for ...

Answer 29

days, weeks or months

Question 30

Distribution and composition of normal microbiota are determined by many factors (4):

Answer 30

nutrients physical and chemical factors host defenses mechanical factors

Question 31

microbial antagonism is ...

Answer 31

a competition between microbes

Question 32

Normal Microbiota protect the host by: (3)

Answer 32

competing for nutrients producing substances harmful to invading microbes affecting pH and available oxygen

Question 33

Steps of infection

Answer 33

1) Entry of the parasite into the hose 2) Establishment and multiplication of the parasite

Question 34

Innate (natural) immunity

Answer 34

acts immediately as the first line of defence non-specific present from birth has no memory

Question 35

5 signs of inflammation include

Answer 35

redness, swelling, hotness, pain and loss of function

Question 36

Steps of the Inflammatory response

Answer 36

1. Vasodilation 2. An increase in capillary permeability 3. Influx of phagocytes 4. Repair

Question 37

Adaptive (acquired) immunity

Answer 37

third line of defence are not born with it; but aquired has memory self recogntition diversity

Question 38

Antigen (Ag)

Answer 38

a substance that causes the body to produce specific antibodies or sensitized T cells

Question 39

Antibody (Ab)

Answer 39

Proteins made in response to an Ag; can combine with that Ag

Question 40

Immunoglobulins

Answer 40

serum antibodies

Question 41

General characteristics of viruses

Answer 41

very small, contain DNA or RNA, no ribosomes, no ATP-generating mechanisms

Question 42

How can viruses be observed

Answer 42

under an electron microscope

Question 43

How could you grow a virus in the lab?

Answer 43

Intact animal, embryonated eggs, tissue cultures