Midterm 3

Question 1

The Autonomic Nervous System

Answer 1

“Auto” Regulates the automatic processes of the body.

Question 2

What are the two categories of the autonomic nervous system?

Answer 2

Para-sympathetic and Sympathetic

Question 3

What process does the parasympathetic system regulate

Answer 3

“Rest and Digest” (Craniosacral region)

Question 4

What process does the sympathetic system regulate?

Answer 4

“Fight or flight” (Thoracolumbar region)

Question 5

The Sympathetic Nervous system

Answer 5

Mediates the bodies response to: Stress, danger, environmental challenges, Physical activity

Question 6

What are the effects of sympathetic NS activitation?

Answer 6

Increased cardiac output, dilation of airways, constriction of arterioles, inhibition of digestive functions, etc.

Question 7

What are the two types of adrenergic receptor?

Answer 7

Alpha and Beta (G-protein coupled receptors)

Question 8

What to adrenergic alpha receptors modulate?

Answer 8

Vasoconstriction and increase in intracellular Ca through NO pathway

Question 9

What to adrenergic beta receptors modulate?

Answer 9

Gs proteins: increased PKA activity

Actions: increased heart rate and contractility, relaxation of tracheal and bronchial smooth muscle (vasodilation)

Question 10

Adrenergic alpha agonists and antagonists

Answer 10

Agonists:
Phenylephrine, Clonidine, #epinephrine#, norepinephrine

Antagonists:
Prazosin, yohimbine, labetolol

Question 11

Adrenergic beta agonists and antagonists

Answer 11

Agonist
Dobutaminem, albuterol, nor and epinephrine

Antagonists
Atenolol, metoprolo, propanolol, butoxamine

Question 12

What does the parasympathetic nervous system modulate?

Answer 12

“rest and digest”
Decreased cardiac output, restriction of airways, activation of digestive functions

Question 13

What is the receptor and neurotransmitter for pre-ganglionic parasympathetic nervous system

Answer 13

Nicotinic, Acetylcholine

Question 14

What is the receptor and neurotransmitter for post-ganglionic parasympathetic nervous system

Answer 14

Muscarinic (Gq), acetylcholine
- stimulated by muscarine, blocked by atropine

Question 15

Positive chronotropy

Answer 15

Heart rate is increased

Question 16

Positive dromotropy

Answer 16

Conduction velocity is increased

Question 17

Positive inotropy

Answer 17

Contractility is increased

Question 18

Positive lusitropy

Answer 18

Increased rate of myocyte relaxation

Question 19

The ANS is part of…

Answer 19

The peripheral nervous system

Question 20

The SNS is responsible for “fight or flight” (T/F)

Answer 20

True

Question 21

Which part of the ANS is characterized by preganglionic neurons originating from thoracolumbar segments of the spinal chord?

Answer 21

Sympathetic

Question 22

Which neurotransmitter is responsible for synaptic connections in both sympathetic and
parasympathetic ganglia?

Answer 22

Acetylcholine

Question 23

Chromaffin cells in the adrenal medulla primarily release what molecule?

Answer 23

Epinephrine

Question 24

Which of the following receptors are GPCRs signaling preferably via Gq proteins?

Answer 24

Adrenergic a1, Muscarinic M1, M3, M5 receptors

Question 25

Adrenergic α1 blockers can be used for the treatment of...

Answer 25

Hypertension and Benign prostatic hyperplasia

Question 26

What is a drug that decreases heart rate and cardiac contractility?

Answer 26

Beta1 antagonists

Question 27

Can M3 receptors induce vasodilation?

Answer 27

Yes, increase in intracellular Ca stimulates the NO pathway, relaxing vascular smooth muscle.

Question 28

Blood pressure can be increased experimentally by...

Answer 28

Activating a1 (vasculature) and B1 (heart) receptors

Question 29

What are the four types of potassium channels?

Answer 29

Voltage gated, inward rectifying, calcium-gated, and Tandem pore

Question 30

Where is potassium concentrated in the cellular environment under normal conditions?

Answer 30

Inside the cell (along with organic ions)

Question 31

What is the most diverse group of ion channels?

Answer 31

Potassium channels

Question 32

What is the role of Kv's in a neuron

Answer 32

repolarizing the action potential (K+ Efflux)

Question 33

Mechanism of Class III Antiarrhythmic Agents

Answer 33

Blocks Kv channels to delay repolarization = suppression of tachycardias (amiodarone and Deftilide)

Question 34

Long QT Syndrome

Answer 34

QT is an interval in a cardiogram, this syndrome results in delayed repolarization of cardiac action potential

Question 35

What activates Inward rectifying K+ channels?

Answer 35

Hyperpolarization and K+ concentration

Question 36

What is the purpose of inward rectifying K+ channels?

Answer 36

Maintaining resting membrane potential

Question 37

Bartter syndrome mutation

Answer 37

Kir1; depletion of extracellular fluid volume

Question 38

Andersen-Tawil sydrome

Answer 38

Kir2.1 LOF; Long QT interval and ventricular arrhythmias

Question 39

Effect of LOF Kir2.1 mutation

Answer 39

Short QT

Question 40

Pendred syndrome

Answer 40

LOF Kir4.1; Leads to deafness

Question 41

Which potassium receptors is a major player in functional Hyperemia

Answer 41

Kir2.1

Question 42

Effect of Katp channel agonists

Answer 42

Vasodilation (treatment of hypertension

Question 43

waht receptor type are Nicotinic acetylcholine receptors?

Answer 43

Ligand-gated ion channels

Question 44

Where are NAcRs found primarily?

Answer 44

Found at cholinergic synapses in the CNS and the autonomic nervous system

Question 45

Where is nicotine most effective?

Answer 45

At neuronal nicotinic receptors

Question 46

What is the predominant mode of elimination for nicotine?

Answer 46

Hepatic metabolism

Question 47

What is the primary metabolite of nicotine?

Answer 47

Cotinine

Question 48

What is the effect of menthol on liver metabolism?

Answer 48

Inhibiting effect; increases plasma nicotine and cotinine levels

Question 49

Is nictotine a NAcR agonist or antagonist?

Answer 49

Both; opens the channel, but over exposure induces receptor internalization, stopping the signal

Question 49

What is the primary method of controlling NAcRs?

Answer 49

Antagonism of the receptor with drugs

Question 50

What is the M.O.A of bupropion?

Answer 50

Blocks dopamine reuptake in the brain; nicotinic receptor agonist

Question 51

What is the direction of ion flow for the major types of ion channels?

Answer 51

Chloride: Influx/efflux Ca/Na: Influx K+: Efflux

Question 52

What are the two primary functions performed by chloride channels?

Answer 52

Regulating the membrane potential and secretion of water and sodium from the cell

Question 53

What are the four types of chloride channel?

Answer 53

CFTR Ca-mediated Ligand-gated Voltage dependent

Question 54

What is the primary function of a CFTR?

Answer 54

Secretion of water; found in GI tract and bronchioles, produce mucus

Question 55

Effect of a LOF in CFTR

Answer 55

less mucus; cystic fibrosis

Question 56

What is the M.O.A of CFTR

Answer 56

Chloride efflux results in parallel flow of Na+, water efflux to balance out osmotic pressure

Question 57

What are two treatments associated with Cystic Fibrosis?

Answer 57

Correctors: Lumacaftor Potentiators: Ivacaftor

Question 58

What is the molecular cause of cholera?

Answer 58

GOF CFTR mutation results in excess fluid in the GI tract, leads to dehydration / diarrhea

Question 59

What is the primary ligand for LG Cl channels?

Answer 59

Barbituates and benzodiazepines are agonists; other neurotransmitters

Question 60

Primary function of ligand gated chloride channels

Answer 60

Hyperpolarization of neurons --> inhibitory neurotransmission

Question 61

What is the function of CIC-1 (Voltage dependent chloride channel)

Answer 61

Stabilizes skeletal muscle by correcting any voltage imbalances across a membrane

Question 62

Primary function of CIC-2

Answer 62

Muscus secretion in the GI tract

Question 63

Primary function of Ca-activated Chloride channels (THEM16A)

Answer 63

Regulates fluid secretion and depolarization, skeletal muscle contraction,

Question 64

Two major nervous system classes

Answer 64

CNS and Peripheral

Question 65

What are the three proteins involved in the SNARE complex?

Answer 65

Syntaxin-1: Anchored to cell membrane Synaptobrevin: Anchored to vesicular membrane SNAP-25: Binding the first two proteins together

Question 66

MOA of botulinum neurotoxins

Answer 66

Cleaves C-terminus of SNAP25, prevents vesicle binding and release into synaptic cleft

Question 67

What are the three major classes of neurotransmitter

Answer 67

Monoamines: Norepinephrine, epinephrine, 5-HT Acetylcholine Amino acids: glutamate, aspartate

Question 68

What are the three types of glutamate receptors?

Answer 68

NMDA, AMPA, and Kainate receptors

Question 69

Which glutamate receptor is permeable to both Na and Ca?

Answer 69

NMDA

Question 70

Which domain in metabotropic glutamate receptors causes dimerization?

Answer 70

venus flytrap domain