Midterm 3 Flashcards
(161 cards)
1
Q
Opistokonts
A
Holozoa (Animal-Like), Holomycota (Fungus-like)
Or just Animals and Fungi.
2
Q
Fungi are:
A
Heterotrophs
Decomposers
3
Q
Choanoflagellates
A
Closest relatives of animals.
4
Q
Animals are:
A
Monophyletic
Multicellular
Heterotrophic
5
Q
The Major Animal Groups
A
Porifera | Sponges.
Ctenophores | “comb jellies”.
Cnidaria | Jellies, Corals, and others.
Bilateral | Insects, Vertebrates, Worms, Crustaceans, Mollusks.
Plaquazoa | NA
6
Q
Cambrian Explosion
A
From 505-542 mya
Most major groups/forms of animals appear at the same time in the fossil record, which makes it hard to identify key adaptations over time.
7
Q
Porifera
A
“Sponges”
Porocytes: Holes
Choanocytes: Generate current with flagella
Osculum: Opening
Amoebocyte: Digest food INTRAcellularly
50k species
Asymmetric
8
Q
Ctenophora
A
“Comb Jellies”
Colloblasts: Sticky cells on tentacles to capture prey.
Move by beating cilia.
About 186 species.
Rotationally symmetric
9
Q
Cnidaria
A
Polyp Stage: Sedentary and asexual
Medusa Stage: Mobile and sexual
Hydrostatic Skeleton
- Class Scyphozoa
- Class Anthozoa
10
Q
Cell Division in Animals
A
- Cleavage: Partitions the cytoplasm of one large cell into many smaller cells called ‘blastomeres’.
- Blastula: Early state of mitotic division, forming 128+ cells that form a hollow sphere.
- Gastrulation
11
Q
Gastrulation
A
Infolding of the blastula, producing a 2-3 layered embryo, with an opening to the outside.
1. Endoderm
2. Mesoderm
3. Ectoderm
12
Q
Diploblasts
A
Develop two germ layers.
Radially symmetric.
13
Q
Triploblasts
A
Develop three germ layers.
Bilaterally symmetric.
14
Q
Class Scyphozoa (phylum cnidaria)
A
Jellies, Sea Nettles
Marine
Lack Polyp
15
Q
Class Anthozoa (phylum cnidaria)
A
Sea Anemones, Most Corals
Marine, sessile
Only sexual polyp stage.
16
Q
Deuterostomes
A
‘Anus first’
Echinoderms (sea stars, sea anemones)
Chordates:
- Vertebrates
17
Q
5-3-2
A
5: major animal groups
- Porifera
- Ctenophores
- Placazoa
- Cnidaria
- Bilateral
3: major bilateral groups
- Deuterostomes
- Protostomes : Lophotrochozoa
- Protostomes : Ecdysozoa
2: groups in each.
- Ecdysozoa: Arthropods | Nematodes
- Lophotrochozoa: Molluscs | Plathyhilmethes
- Deuterostomes: Echinoderms | Vertebrates
18
Q
Placozoa
A
4 species
Asymmetric
19
Q
Bilateria
A
Protostomes:
- Ecdysozoa
- Lophotrochozoa
Deuterostomes:
20
Q
Ecdysozoa
A
Arthropods
Nematodes
21
Q
Lophotrochozoa
A
Mollusca
Platyhelmenthis
22
Q
Mollusk Features
A
Visceral Mass
Mantle
Foot
Radula
23
Q
Platsyhelminthes Features
A
Ganglia
Pharynx
Eye Spots
Ventral nerve cords
gastrovascular cavity
24
Q
Nematoda
A
Roundworms
25
Arthropoda Features
Segmentation
Hard Exoskeleton
Jointed Appendates
26
Coelom
Body cavity that forms during early development
27
True Coelom
Coelom develops in the middle of the mesoderm
28
Pseudocoelom
Coelom develops between germ layers
29
Acoelom
No Coelom
30
Functions of Coelomic Cavity
Circulation:
- Digestion / Excretion
Reproduction:
- Can allow more gametes to be exchanged at once.
Support:
- hydrostatic skeleton
31
Hemimetabolous
Partial-Trasforation / Metamorphasis
32
Holometabolous
Complete Metamophasis
33
Types of parental care
None
Maternal
Biparental
Paternal
Alloparental care
- Relatives
- Mon-relatives
34
Diet Types
Carnivore
Herbivore
Omnivore
Parasite
35
Types of Movement
Active
Passive
- for marine organisms carried by currents
Cessile
- attached to the substrate
36
Skeleton Types
Internal
External
Hydrostatic
- cavities filled with water
37
Social Types
Solitary
Social
Division of labor
Eusocial
- queen societies where a single female monopolizes reproduction
38
Sexuality Types
Obligate sexuality
Obligate asexuality
Facultative sexuality
- sex occurs once per year
- sex occurs once per cycle through a parasite's host
- sex occurs when environmental conditions degrade
39
Types of Reproduction
Broadcast spawning
External fertilization
- male individual and female individual meet, deposit gametes
Internal fertilization
- fertilization takes place within the female body
Internal fertilization with viviparity
- egg hatches within the female
- has evolved many times
40
Types of Sex Distribution
Dioecious: separate sexes
Hermaphroditism
- both male and female sex functions in the same individual
- simultaneous: egg and sperm production
- sequential: egg first, then sperm later, or vice versa.
41
Are invertebrates monophyletic?
No
Vertebrates are within invertebrates.
42
Are diploblasts monophyletic?
No
43
Are worms monophyletic?
No
The 'worm form' has evolved many times.
44
Are animals monophyletic?
Yes
Animals have only evolved once, and don't have any other distinct groups inside.
45
Are multicellular organisms monophyletic?
No
Multicellularity has evolved many times.
46
What is the major shared feature of Ecdysozoa?
Ecdysis, or molting.
47
What is the difference between protostomes and deuterostomes?
Protostomes: Mouth First
Deuterostomes: Anus First
48
Two examples of groups with hydrostatic skeletons.
1. Cnidaria
2. Nematodes
3. Analids
49
Two examples of groups with exoskeletons.
1. Hexapods
2. Crustaceans
50
One example of a group with an internal skeleton.
Vertebrates
(Mammalia?)
51
Diploblasts vs. Triploblasts?
Diploblastic: 2 germ layers
Triploblastic: 3 germ layers
52
Which major group is triploblastic?
Bilateria
53
Which major group accounts for the most animal species?
Bilateria
54
Which group of bilateria accounts for the most species?
Arthropoda
55
Which group of arthropods accounts for the most species?
Hexopods
56
What are the three major groups of multicellular organisms?
Plants, Animals, and Fungi
57
Which kingdom contains 2/3 of the major multicellular groups?
Plants
58
Which multicellular group is primarily saprobes?
Fungi
59
Which multicellular group contains species with multinucleate cells?
Fungi
60
The closest living relative to multicellular animals?
Chaoanophlagellates
61
Four ways bilateral animals are unique?
Bilateral Symetrical
Segmentation
Triploblast
True Tissues
62
Which two major groups of animals lack true tissues?
Porifera
Placazoa
63
What is a Coelom and what is its significance?
A hollow, fluid-filled cavity that is found in many organisms.
64
What is the evidence of the benefits of holometabolous insects?
Prevents parental competition.
65
What group of arthropods exhibits extensive parental care?
Millipedes
66
How do sponges feed?
Filter-feeding
67
Which of the major animal groups is the simplest?
Plaquazoa??
68
What are the five major animal groups?
Porifera
Cnidaria
Ctenophores
Plaquazoa
Bilateria
69
What are the three major bilateria groups?
Deuterostomes
Protostomes:
- Ecdysozoa
- Lophotrochozoa
70
Which group of bilateria do mollusks belong to?
Lophotrochozoa
71
Which group of bilateria do squid belong to?
Cephalopods
72
Which group of bilateria do snails belong to?
Gastropods
73
Which group of bilateria do clams belong to?
Bivalves
74
Which group of bilateria do bivalves belong to?
Mollusks
75
Which group of bilateria do Echinoderms belong to?
Deuterostomes
76
Which group of bilateria do Sea stars belong to?
Echinodermata
77
Which group of bilateria do Sea urchins belong to?
Deuterostomes | Echinoderms
78
Which group of bilateria do vertebrates belong to?
Chordates
79
Which group of bilateria do arthropods belong to?
Ecdysozoa
80
Which group of bilateria do spiders belong to?
Arachnida
81
Which group of bilateria do millipedes belong to?
Arthropods | Diplopoda
82
Which group of bilateria do insects belong to?
Hexopods
83
Which group of bilateria do ticks belong to?
Arthropoda | Arachnida
84
Which group of bilateria do lobsters belong to?
Crustacean
85
Which group of bilateria do crab belong to?
Crustacean
86
Which group of bilateria do nematodes belong to?
Ecdysozoa
87
Which group of bilateria do platyhelminthes belong to?
Lophotrochozoa
88
Which group of bilateria do trematodes belong to?
Platyhelminthes
89
Which group of bilateria do cestodes belong to?
Platyhelminthes
90
Which of the five major groups do corals belong to?
Cnidaria | Anthozoa
91
Which of the five major groups do Jellies belong to?
Cnidaria (Scyphozoa)
92
Which of the five major groups do Sea anemones belong to?
Cnidaria (Anthozoa)
93
Which of the five major groups do sponges belong to?
Porifera
94
Which of the five major groups do comb jellies belong to?
Ctenophores
95
What are two features of Platyhelminthes?
- Ventral Nerve Cords
- Pharynx
96
Which bilaterian group shows pentaradial symmetry in an adult stage?
Echinoderms
97
Which major group of animals is primarily asexual?
Rotifers
98
A major modification of the mollusk body plan in squids and octopuses?
Modified Foot into tentacles
99
A major modification of the mollusk body plan in clams and other bivalves?
Lack a radula (and head), and have a pair of shells.
100
Three major subgroups of mollusks?
1. Gastropods
2. Cephalopods
3. Bivalves
101
Four largest groups of insects?
Coleoptera | Beetles
Diptera | Flies
Hymenoptera | you know
Lepidoptera | Butterflies
102
Major feature of Lepidoptera?
Proboscis: Long, coiled feeder
Two pairs of scaled wings.
103
Major feature of Hymenoptera?
Haplodiploid genetic system.
104
Major feature of Diptera?
Halteres: Reduced hind-wings.
105
Major feature of Cleoptera?
Elytra: Modified fore-wings.
106
Bees belong to which major insect group?
Hymenoptera
107
Ants belong to which major insect group?
Hymenoptera
108
Wasps belong to which major insect group?
Hymenoptera
109
Flies belong to which major insect group?
Diptera
110
Midges belong to which major insect group?
Diptera
111
Beetles belong to which major insect group?
Coleoptera
112
Butterflies belong to which insect order?
Lepidoptera
113
Moths belong to which insect order?
Lepidoptera
114
Three major features of chordates?
Notochord
Post-anal tail
Pharyngeal slits
115
In what order did these traits evolve in placental mammals?
1. vertebral column
2. jaws / mineralized skeleton
3. lungs
4. lobed fins
5. legs
6. amniotic egg
7. milk
8. live birth
116
What feature did jaws evolve from?
Gill arch supports
117
Which vertebrate group have carilage skeletons?
Sharks & Rays (non-bony fishes)
118
Which vertebrate group has the most species?
Ray-finned fishes (~23k species)
119
The importance of lobed fins for the transition to land?
The humerus bone is a homologous structure that evolved in lobed finned fishes.
Precursor to tetrapod limbs.
120
What is the missing fossil link between lobed fish and tetrapods?
Tiktalik
121
Challenges for vertebrates transitioning to land?
- Desiccation (loss of water)
- Fluctuations in temperature
- Loss of buoyancy
122
Importance of the amniotic egg for the transition to land?
Allows for terrestrial reproduction of large offspring.
- Provides nutrition with the yolk sac
- Storage of wastes in the allantois
- Maintains a moist and stable environment with the Amnion.
- Protects the egg with the Shell.
123
What are the defining characteristics of mammals?
Endothermy
Hair
Lactation
Viviparity (bearing live offspring)
124
Differences between Monotremes / Marsupials and Eutherians?
Monotremes:
- Egg-laying mammals with milk slits.
Marsupials:
- Viviparous young, but born very poorly developed.
- Have nipples, and reduced placenta.
Eutherians:
- Fully developed placenta.
- Relatively large and well-developed young.
- Viviparous.
- Longer pregnancy.
125
Behavioral differences between bonobos and chimpanzees?
Chimpanzees: Warlike
Bonobos: Calm / """Freelove"""
126
Temperature-dependent sex determination?
Facultative
127
Parental care in vertebrates vs invertebrates?
Parental Care is more preventant in vertebrates vs invertebrates.
128
Tetrapod group that breaths through their skin?
Amphibians
129
Hypothesis for menopause in humans?
Tradeoff between maternal care and care for grandchildren?
etc...
130
Which group do Salamanders belong to?
Amphibia
131
Which group do Crocodiles belong to?
Reptiles
132
Which group do Dinosaurs belong to?
Reptiles
133
Which group do Snakes belong to?
Reptiles
134
Which group do Turtles belong to?
Reptiles
135
Which group do Birds belong to?
Reptiles
136
What is parental care?
Any behavior that contributes to offspring survival.
137
The significance of chick gape color and feeding rates?
Gapes dyed red received more food from the parents.
Possibly indicating chick health?
138
The relationship between begging and relatedness?
The less related the chicks are, the more / louder they beg.
139
Cuckoo bird's eggs and rearing behavior?
- Cuckoo birds lay their eggs in other birds' nests, tricking the parents into raising their young.
- Cuckoo eggs imitate/look like the bird's eggs they are attempting to cuck.
140
Cooperative breeding and relatedness?
Most instances of cooperative breeding involve close relatives, like siblings or half-siblings.
141
Extra-pair copulations in birds?
In many monogamous birds, there is "cheating", at a rate of 10-25%.
142
Two-fold advantage of asexual sexual reproduction?
Asexual lineages grow at TWO times the rate of sexual lineages per generation.
143
Costs of sexual reproduction?
- Finding a mate
- Harm to females
- Paternity
- STD's
- Competition
- Compatibility
144
How sexual lineages are able to acquire successful genes compared to asexual lineages.
Sexual lineages can acquire beneficial genes very quickly due to the exchange of genetic material. Asexual lineages only pass beneficial mutations to their offspring, and don't integrate with the rest of the population.
145
How sexual lineages are able to eliminate deleterious genes compared to asexual lineages.
Recombination can 'break up' these mutation associations.
146
Lottery ticket explanation of sexual reproduction?
The optimal genotype for a given environment is unpredictable, so there is an advantage in producing a variety of genotypes.
147
Tangled bank explanation of sexual reproduction?
- Offspring must compete for resources
- Allows for a range of genotypes that can specialize in different parts of their environment.
148
Red Queen's explanation of sexual reproduction?
"You have to run to stay in the same place"
Because of parasites and a changing environment, organisms must constantly adapt to stay alive.
149
INTERsexual vs INTRAsexual selection?
INTER: Female choice of a male partner.
INTRA: competing with members of one's own sex.
150
How male suicide might benefit the children.
"ultimate nuptial gift"
- Can be beneficial if they only have a few opportunities to mate with other females.
- If being eaten will increase the odds of survival of the mother and their offspring.
151
Why do some males try do escape under mating sacrifice conditions?
To be able to mate again.
152
Why do bird families with more parasites have brighter males?
Families with more parasites would benefit more from indicating that they are parasite-free.
153
Whare are equal male-female sex ratios common?
- Advantage of rarity: When males are rare, females would produce more males to increase the mating chances of their offspring.
- There are exceptions.
154
What is meant by senescence?
Decrease in fertility and survivability in old individuals.
In theory, natural selection should oppose this occurance.
155
Evolution of bipedalism in humans.
Happened very early in development.
156
Primary and secondary consequences of bipedalism.
Primary:
- Longer legs, shorter arms
- Rotation of big toe
- Rotation of the pelvis
Secondary:
- Reduced birth canal
- Helpless babies
- Changes in hands
157
Changes in domesticated animals?
- Floppy ears
- Playfulness
- Reduced pigmentation
- Smaller teeth
- Slower development
158
Why do changes in domesticated animals occur?
Selection for reduced aggression.
Reduced adrenal gland activity, leads to reduced neural crest cell activity.
159
Human self-domestication.
Some of these domestication traits are also present in humans.
160
When was the Paleolithic Revolution
Approximatly 50k ya.
161
Why is it surprising that occurred so late?
?????
