Midterm 3 Flashcards
(100 cards)
1
Q
Cladogram function
A
- hypothesis of relationships
- implies sequence of evolutionary change
- may change depending on new information
2
Q
Major changes in Vertebrae cladogram
A
Agnatha (Myxini (hagfish) and Cephalaspidomorphi (lampreys))
Placoderms
Acanthodii
Divide of Chondrichthyes and Teleostomi
3
Q
How many species of vertebrates
A
less than 60 000
4
Q
how many sub-phylum of vertebrates
A
only 1
5
Q
Top threats of extinction
A
Habitat loss and degradation
Food systems - agriculture, fisheries, bycatch, pollution
Climate change - temperature, acidification, water, phenology
Species overexploitation - hunting, harvesting, poaching, bycatch
6
Q
chordate characteristics
A
Notochord Dorsal Hollow Nerve Cord Pharyngeal Pouches/Slits Endostyle/ Thyroid Gland Muscular Postanal Tail
7
Q
Notochord
A
Rodlike, semirigid tissue enclosed in a sheath
Hydroskeleton
Muscles on either side bend notochord and body
First skeleton in embryos
In many vertebrates it persists through life
In most, replaced by vertebrae
8
Q
Postanal Tail
A
Helps with swimming along with the notochord
9
Q
Dorsal Hollow Nerve Cord
A
Invertebrates: ventral to gut
Chordates: dorsal to gut
Anterior end = brain in vertebrates
Ectodermal origin
Hollow tube of cells, enlarges at posterior end to form brain
Precursor to the CNS in chordates
Passes through neural arches of vertebrae
10
Q
Pharyngeal Pouches and Slits
A
Form of segmentation
Perforations from gut to outside in throat region
Filter feeding apparatus in early vertebrates
Gas exchange function later
Seen in all embryos
In tetrapods the arches give rise to: voice box, trachea, tongue support, middle ear and Eustachian tube
11
Q
Endostyle or Thyroid Gland
A
Produces mucus for filter feeding, travels up the gill arches
Includes cells that produce thyroxine
Thyroid gland is derivative of endostyle
12
Q
Protochordata
A
Cephalocordata (lancelets)
Urochordata (tunicates)
13
Q
Subphylum Cephalochordata
A
Amphioxus or Branchiostoma genus names Lancelets Poster chordates - show all characteristics of chordates throughout all stages of life Burrow, seldom swim Filter Feeding pharynx Mucus from Endostyle traps food Marine Around 30 species Closed circulatory system (no heart) Body surface respiration No head or brain
14
Q
Subphylum Urochordata
A
Tunicates Tunic = cellulose, surrounds them Filter feeders No cephalization or circulation Only endostyle and pharynx remain in adult
15
Q
Class Ascidiacea
A
Tunicate, subphylum urochordata 3 distinct forms - Compound - Colonial - Solitary
16
Q
Subphylum Vertebrata
A
Larger and more active (swimming) Often predatory Neural crest Tri-partite brain (fore, mid and hindbrain) Cranium around brain HOX gene duplication
17
Q
Ostracoderms
A
Devonian armoured fish (extinct)
Heterostracans
Osteostracans
Anaspida
18
Q
Myxiniformes
A
Hagfish aka slime hag Earliest branch of vertebrates? around 70 species no scales, no bone, no vertebrae, no paired fins slime (mucus) No jaw but protrusible tongue, keratinous teeth Knots for feeding (flexible notochord) Deep sea scavengers, new whalefall Hagfish fishery small
19
Q
Lampreys (Petromyzontida)
A
Adult mouth sucker with keratinous teeth
Diet of Body fluids
Sea lamprey on lake trout
20
Q
Lamprey life cycle
A
adults often ectoparasites
many adults remain filter feeders
larvae always filter feeders
21
Q
What are jaws derived from?
A
Gill support arches
22
Q
Gnathostomes
A
all vertebrates except myxini and cephalaspidomorphi
23
Q
New characteristics of Gnathostomes
A
Jaws and teeth
Paired fins
Stomach
Predation
24
Q
Shark vibration sensors
A
Have lateral lines that are lines of sensors along the head
Canals sunk down below surface open to the outside through pores with sensory cells on the inside
Pick up movement in water sending electrical signals
25
Shark Electrical Field Sensors
Pick up small electrical fields put out by prey in their muscle contractions, heart cells, etc
Ampulla of Lorenzini
26
Shark Jaw
Upper jaw not fixed to skull
| Upper jaw moves down and forward for feeding
27
2 main groups of sharks
Galeomorpha
| Squalomorpha
28
Galeomorpha
1/2 shark group
Pelagic (upper)
Feeding, swimming, catching at high rate
Great white, hammerhead, tiger sharks
29
Squalomorpha
1/2 shark group
Benthic (deeper colder)
Longer and thinner with lower metabolic rate
Dogfish, sawshark, etc
30
Sharks mating
Internal fertilzation
Male sharks have Claspers
Oviparous and viviparous
31
Ray reproduction
viviparous
32
Skate reproduction
oviparous
33
what would help decrease shark bycatch
circle hooks instead of J hooks
| no hooks in shallow water only deep water
34
elasmobrachii
sharks, skates and rays
35
chondrichthyes
Cartilaginous fish
Elasmobrachii (sharks, skates, rays)
Holocephali
36
Batoids
```
mostly skates and rays
Skates have tail fins
Rays have spines (can inject venom)
Mouth on bottom
Crushing teeth (Crustaceans)
```
37
Guitar fish Teeth
Batoid
In whorls like sharks
flattened from crushing hard prey
mouth is protrusible like sharks
38
Torpedo ray
Electric rays
>200V produced by modified pectoral muscles
Used to stun prey
39
Manta Ray
World's largest ray
| pelagic filter feeder unlike most rays
40
Holocephali (Chimaera, aka rabbitfish)
Outgroup of elasmobranchii
Seldom seen
Deep water, benthic
Crushing teeth, eat shelled invertebrates
41
Osteichthyes
Bony fishes
Have exoskeleton
Dermal skeleton: outerskull, operculum, fin rays, scales, teeth
Internal skeleton (Endoskeleton): vertebrae with centrum, braincase, ribs, fin girdles
42
Scales
Placoid scales (cartilaginous fish)
Ganoid scales
Cycloid scales
ctenoid scales
43
Osteichthyes scales
Living bone not external covering
All fish scales are internal to the epidermis
Outside scales is living layer of tissue
44
Respiration in water
- Fish have to keep flow of water over gills
Each of the 4 gill arches has a lot of gill filaments attached increasing SA
Each filament has smaller lamellae
45
Countercurrent gas exchange
Osteichthyes
Single direction of water flow and single direction of blood flow in the opposite direction
Continuous flow, more efficient than lungs
46
Ion balance in freshwater fish
Kidneys that dump the excess water that comes in through osmosis
Lose ions with the water
Gills pick up ions from freshwater to make up for lost ions of water moving
47
Ion balance in salt water
Fish always dehydrating
Drink the seawater
Move water across membrane by osmosis, absorb the salt so they can absorb water
Too much salt, have gills that dump salt outside
48
Teleosts
Most Osteichthyes
Swim bladder
Gas gland
49
Swim bladder
Teleosts
Derived from lung?
Buoyancy control
specialized O2 secretion and absorption
50
Gas Gland
Teleosts
| Secretes oxygen into swim bladder as the fish goes down in the water
51
Hearing in Fish
Weberian ossicles
52
Swimming
Bending central axis giving a wave in the body
Wave smallest at front, increases in amplitude
Push sideways on water
Opposite reaction force
Forward component: thrust
53
Bowfish
Undulation in dorsal fin
| Allows fish to move forwards and backwards
54
Box swimmers
Body shape increases stability in turbulent flow
| Toxic skin
55
Ram feeding
Big food, big mouth, less suction
| Fish moves forward at the same time the mouth opens and suction developed
56
Fish Reproduction
Broadcast spawning
Males and females in close proximity
Females release eggs and males release sperm
External Fertilization
57
Orange Roughy
Poster fish for marine fisheries conservation
Long life, slow growth, late maturity
Cannot stand huge amount of fishing pressure
58
Anadromous
Salmon
Born in the freshwater but migrate to salt water to grow to adults
Migrate back to freshwater to spawn
59
Catadromous
Eels
Born in salt water but migrate to freshwater where they grow into adults
Migrate back to ocean to spawn
Spend most of their lives in freshwater
60
Sarcopterygia
Lobe-finned fishes
| Other major fish branch, includes tetrapods
61
Lungfish
```
Sarcopterygii
Closest living relatives to tetrapods
Neoceratodus
Protopterus
Lepidosiren
All entirely aquatic
```
62
Amphibians
Frogs and toads
Salamanders
Caecilians
63
Acanthostega
First known tetrapod
| Fully aquatic
64
Icthyostega
First known tetrapod
On land
7 toes
Unable to put hind foot on ground
65
Lissamphibia
Modern amphibians
Frogs, salamanders, caecilians
No marine amphibians
66
Shared characteristics of Lissamphibia
```
Loss of scales, skin structure
Green rods in eyes
Fat bodies
Pedicellate teeth
Four fingers
```
67
Greatest Diversity of Amphibians
warm, moist areas
| no native amphibians in NL
68
Lissamphibia skin
Smooth, scaleless, thin, uncornified, glandular
Defense (poison)
Breathe through skin (cutaneous respiration)
Ion exchange, water uptake
Living layer on outside need to be moist and keep mucus covering it
69
Bufo Americanus
Poison glands extra large in toads
70
Skin circulation in frogs
Skin is a major respiratory organ in frogs
Very thin epidermis
Lots of blood vessels
71
Cutaneous vein in bullfrog
Returns oxygenated blood to heart
72
Overwintering bullfrogs
No oxygen in mud
Frogs just under ice in water at the edge of the pond
Or freeze, found under lead coverings
73
Anurian Feeding Tongue Protrustion
Lip down the lower jaw which flips out the tongue thats attached at the front
Sticky tongue
74
Salamander Tongue Protrusion
hyoid shoots forward carrying tongue
| hyoid ejected out of the mouth
75
Anuran skeleton
Specialized for jumping
Short rigid vertebral column
Large webbed hind feet for swimming
76
Tree Frogs
Modified feet
Toe pads and reduced webbing
Wet adhesion to conform to rough surfaces
77
Borneo gliding frog
Webbed front feet
78
Where do tadpoles live
water
| aquatic
79
What do adult anurans eat
carnivores
80
What do anuran tadpoles eat
usually herbivorous
81
Characteristics of anuran tadpole
have gills and a tail and no legs and specialized mouthparts for feeding (herbivorous)
82
metamorphosis of anuran tadpoles
lose the tail and grow legs
| grow into an adult
83
Fertilization of anurans
external
| not broadcast spawning
84
Symbiosis between algae and salamander eggs
algae lives inside salamander eggs
| During the day the algae produces oxygen and at night both the algae and egg are consuming the oxygen
85
Tree frog eggs
Eggs laid on leaf only in 100% humidity in tropics
Don't go back to water to reproduce
If predator comes the tadpoles hatch and drop into water
86
Reproduction varients among anurans
South American pygmy marsupial frog
Surinam frog
Poison arrow frog
Darwin's frog
87
South American pygmy marsupial frog
carries tadpoles on its back in pouch
88
Surinam frog
Direct developing eggs kept in pouches on back
| No larval stage
89
Poison Arrow Frog
Tadpoles stuck to back not in pouch
90
Darwin's Frog
Direct developing eggs in vocal pouch
91
Urodele Life cycle
Adult terrestrial Stage
Redevelop swimming tail form to mate in water
Internal Fertilization
Aquatic larvae with swimming tail
Mostly carnivorous in water
Metamorphosis to lose gills and tail changes shape
92
Feeding of Urodele larvae
carnivorous
93
Metamorphosis of Urodele
Loses gills and tail changes shape
| goes back to land
94
Plethodontid salamander
Most common NS salamander
Lungless - breath through skin
Incubate eggs
Mostly terrestrial - don't breed in water
95
Caecilians
```
Tropical
Lissamphibia
No legs
Breed and support embryos on land
Oviparous (25%)
Viviparous (75%)
In leaf litter or shallow water
```
96
Chytridiomycosis
Fungal disease
| Damages skin of Lissamphibia and they die
97
Common Laboratory Frog - Xenopus laevis
Africian clawed frog
Possible vector for Chytridiomycosis
Only group of amphibian that has claws
98
Causes of Worldwide amphibian decline
```
Chytridiomycosis
UV exposure
habitat destruction
pesticides and pollution
parasite infection
```
99
Bufo marinus
Worldwide invader
Cane toad
Ate anything they could fit in their mouths
in australia
100
3 classes of tunicates
Ascidiacea (little bag) - sea squirts
Appendicularia (ghost larva)
Thaliacea (luxuriant) - salps
