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KP290 > Midterm #3 > Flashcards

Midterm #3 Flashcards

1
Q

What are 2 types of ethnography?

A

critical ethnography
- includes a political agenda and some form of advocacy for underrepresented populations

autoethnography
- study of one’s own culture

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2
Q

What is phenomenology?

A

study of a phenomenon through exploration of lived experiences

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3
Q

What is interpretive phenomenological analysis?

A

understanding how experiences of phenomenon are perceived by participants and how people make sense of their social and personal world

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4
Q

What is empirical phenomenology?

A

form of phenomenology that is particularly descriptive

structural analysis of participant’s experiences result in a description of essential structure of the phenomenon

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5
Q

What is bracketing?

A

describing and record own experiences of phenomenon

allows researchers to outwardly acknowledge and set aside experiences so their sole focus can be on experiences shared by study participants

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6
Q

What is grounded theory?

A

focused on generalization and analysis of data to construct a theory

end product is theory grounded in data generated by experiences of participants

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7
Q

What is data saturation?

A

when no new information will surface, so no additional data will need to be generated

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8
Q

What is the difference between a theoretical lens and an interpretive framework?

A

theoretical lens
- when theory helps guide all parts of study

interpretive framework
- when theory is drawn upon to make sense of the research findings

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9
Q

What is purposeful sampling?

A

recruiting a sample of information rich participants by identifying a well-justified set of criteria that must be met for inclusion

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10
Q

What is extreme case sampling?

A

“outlier” participants are topics of study

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11
Q

What is maximum variation sampling?

A

identify individuals who have a wide range of experiences/perspectives on the topic of study

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12
Q

What is snowball sampling?

A

one individual identifies others that are deemed fit for purpose

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13
Q

What are some factors that contribute to determining the sample size?

A 
scope of study
nature of topic
quality of data
number of interviews per participant
study design
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14
Q

What is a taxonomy?

A

formal system for classifying multifaceted and complex phenomenon

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15
Q

What is inductive data analysis?

A

identify theories based on the research

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16
Q

What is deductive data analysis?

A

code data based on a theory

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17
Q

What are the key features of qualitative research?

A

data is words
data is collected from natural settings
the researcher is the instrument used to collect data
data gathered inductively

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18
Q

What is the phenomenological perspective foundation of qualitative research?

A

most common
Max Weber
attempt to understand life through the eyes of the participant
researcher must rid their mind of preconceptions of participant

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19
Q

What is the symbolic interaction foundation of qualitative research?

A

George Herbert Mead
verbal and non-verbal gestures are symbols
people act based on symbolic meanings they find within any given situation
goal of interactions is to create shared meaning through symbols

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20
Q

What is the ethnomethodology foundation of qualitative research?

A

Harold Garfinkle

attempt to understand how people make order of complex world by looking at everyday social activity

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21
Q

What is field research?

A

passive research, variables are selected rather than manipulated
research procedures lack a true independent variable

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22
Q

What are the issues with field research?

A

findings may not be internally valid since you can’t make statements about results

external validity may not be strong because results may only be generalizable to a particular environment

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23
Q

What are the types of field research?

A

case studies

participant observation

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24
Q

What are case studies?

A

detailed examination of a person’s life with a specific person in mind

unsystematic and uncontroleld

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25
Q

What are the types of benefits that come from case studies?

A

descriptive

evaluative

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26
Q

What are the descriptive uses of case studies?

A

illustrate some form of behaviour
demonstrate important methods or procedures
provide detail on rare/unusual phenomenon
can be source of hypothesis

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27
Q

What are the evaluative uses of a case study?

A

further support or disprove a hypothesis

can lead to experimental study

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28
Q

What is participant observation?

A

observer participates with those being observed

key is to develop intimate familiarity with a specific setting by doing your homework, gaining entry, and immersion in the setting

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29
Q

What is a famous participant observation experiment?

A

Dianne Fossey with gorillas

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30
Q

What is ethnography?

A

field research that emphasizes providing a detailed description of a different culture from the viewpoint of an insider to facilitate understanding of it

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31
Q

What are unobtrusive observations?

A

observations not influenced by presence of investigators

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32
Q

What are unobtrusive measures?

A

measures taken from the results of the behaviour not the behaviour itself

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33
Q

What are the cautions associated with participant observations?

A

2 major types of problems

  • those due to errors in the way the researcher processes info
  • those due to relations or lack of relations with others in the setting being studied

also:
must be aware varying perspectives exist within a setting and all must be given equal weight, not just the first or easiest to gain

not appropriate for large populations, events of long duration, inaccessible or infrequent events

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34
Q

What are the steps of conducting qualitative research?

A 
define the problem
formulate questions and theoretical framework
collect data
- training and pilot work
- purposeful selection of participants
- entering the setting
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35
Q

What are they key methods for data collection?

A 
interviews
- individual or group
- formal or informal
focus groups
observation
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36
Q

What are the methods for recording data?

A

narrative
tallying
interval method
duration method

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37
Q

What is the narrative method of data recording?

A

continual recording

in a series of sentences

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38
Q

What is the tallying method of data recording?

A

frequency counting

record each time a specific behaviour has occurred

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39
Q

What is the interval method of data recording?

A

records behaviours of interest at specific times

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40
Q

What is the duration method of data recording?

A

start and stop points

behaviour measured for a specific period of time

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41
Q

What are some observation tips?

A

pay close attention and record details
scrutinize physical setting and context
note peoples actions as well as physical characteristics
serendipity - at the time may not seem important, but will come in handy later

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42
Q

What are some things to listen for when observing?

A

phrases, grammar, accents
what is said and how it is said
recurring themes

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43
Q

What is argot?

A

special language used by the members of a group that interacts regularly

new words develop out of specific events, assumptions, or relations

knowing or using the language can single membership in a distinct subculture

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44
Q

What are the types of field notes?

A 
jotted notes
direct observation notes
research inference notes
analytic memos
personal notes
maps/diagrams
machine recordings
interview notes
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45
Q

What are jotted notes?

A

written inconspicuously while in field site on whatever is convenient
used to jog memory later

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46
Q

What are direct observation notes?

A

attempt to include all details and specifics of what researcher saw in field site

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47
Q

What are research inference notes?

A

listen without applying analysis
compare to what others say or what was said at other times
apply interpretation

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48
Q

What are analytic memos?

A

notes the researcher takes while developing more abstract ideas or hypotheses from examination of the data

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49
Q

What are personal notes?

A

personal diary for reflection on the events they observed and how it affected them

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50
Q

What are maps/diagrams?

A

spatial map locates people, equipment, space

social map shows number or variety of people and the arrangements among them

temporal map shows comings and goings of people, goods, services, etc

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51
Q

What are machine recordings?

A

tape recordings/video tape
can be used to help researcher recall events and observe what does/does not happen
should be as a supplement, not primary resource
don’t always reflect what happened (body language)

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52
Q

What are interview notes?

A

specific questions asked by the researcher and their answers

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53
Q

What happens after data collection?

A

transcribe interviews, transfer notes to another medium

use computer programs to sort through data

during analysis try and merge data into holistic (big picture) portrayal of phenomenon

assign meaning to data

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54
Q

Why are ethics more of an issue in qualitative research?

A

more sensitive topics covered

more time spent with participants

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55
Q

What are the 5 types of ethical dilemmas?

A 
deception
confidentiality
involvement with deviants
the powerful
publishing of field reports
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56
Q

When do ethical dilemmas often occur?

A

when the researcher is alone and has little time to make moral decision
can arise from unexpected event

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57
Q

Describe the ethical dilemma of deception.

A

researcher may be undercover, may assume a false role/name and mislead members

never preferred because of difficulties maintaining a front and constant fear of being caught

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58
Q

Describe the ethical dilemma of confidentiality.

A

moral obligation to protect information and refrain from using direct quotes that would reveal who said them

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59
Q

Describe the ethical dilemma of involvement with deviants.

A

guilty knowledge - when a researcher learns of something illegal, unethical, or immoral by people in the field site

have to be careful getting involved to gain their trust but not so involved as to cross moral line

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60
Q

Describe the ethical dilemma of the powerful.

A

hierarchy of credibility - powerful are more likely to be heard because of their position

must listen to those without power and evaluate unbiasedly

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61
Q

Describe the ethical dilemma of publishing of field reports.

A

can’t publicize member secrets, violate privacy, or harm reputations

may make compromise that researcher only publishes info if it is essential to researchers larger argument

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62
Q

What are the 4 issues of concern with researcher competency?

A

credibility
- is the description of subjects and settings accurate
transferability
- would the results be useful in other settings or in other research
dependability
- how well researcher dealt with change
confirmability
- could another individual confirm the results?

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63
Q

What is trustworthiness in research?

A

reflected in overall quality of results

was the study conducted ethically?
was the study conducted competently?

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64
Q

What are the ways researchers provide evidence or trustworthiness?

A 
prolonged engagement
audit trail
providing a thick description
clarification of research bias
triangulation of sources
negative case checking
member checking
peer debriefing
65
Q

What is prolonged engagement? (trustworthiness)

A

showing lengthy engagement with participants and setting

66
Q

What is an audit trail? (trustworthiness)

A

leave a trail of changes during the study

67
Q

What is providing a thick description? (trustworthiness)

A

detailed description of setting and context

68
Q

What is clarification of research bias? (trustworthiness)

A

often discussed in methods section

can’t control everything but it is important to understand and try to control bias so readers can place faith in results

69
Q

What is triangulation of sources? (trustworthiness)

A

involving researchers, participants, and a 3rd party to support conclusions

70
Q

What is negative case checking? (trustworthiness)

A

check opposing arguments to see if phenomenon is as pervasive as thought

71
Q

What is member checking? (trustworthiness)

A

checking with participants to see if they have information to add and if they agree with conclusions

72
Q

What is peer debriefing? (trustworthiness)

A

have a colleague challenge results and researcher provide support

part 3 of triangulation

73
Q

What is reactivity?

A

when participants react differently than they would if they were not in the study

74
Q

Why does reactivity occur?

A

evaluation apprehension
- concerned about impressions you’re making and how you’re being judged
socially desirable behaviours
- people don’t want to do things that are seen as unacceptable
attention-feedback-regulation
- person being observed begins to notice what they are doing (self-feedback) and change how they behave (self-regulation)

75
Q

How can you reduce reactivity?

A

deception
reduce degree of obtrusiveness
- ex. sit at back of room, hidden cameras
pick neutral behaviours to observe
concealment
- don’t let participants know what is being done is being observed

76
Q

What is reliability?

A

aka dependability or consistency

suggests when the same things are repeated under identical or very similar conditions that the same or similar results will arise

77
Q

What are the types of reliability?

A

internal consistency
- is the data plausible given all that is known about the person/event

external consistency
- cross checking and verifying the qualitative data using multiple sources of info

78
Q

How can you increase reliability?

A

the more ways you can verify the info, the more reliable

ensure observers are coding events in the same way

compare data produced by individual observers watching single events (within observer)
comparing the data produced by different observers watching similar events (between observers)

79
Q

What is validity?

A

the extent to which a test measures what it is supposed to measure

80
Q

What is ecological validity?

A

demonstrating authenticity of a study by showing that the researcher’s descriptions of the field site match those of the participants and that the researcher’s presence was not a disturbance

81
Q

What is natural history?

A

candid disclosure by the researcher of their actions, assumptions, or procedures for others to evaluate

82
Q

What is competent insider performance?

A

researcher “passing” as a member of the group under study

ex. undercover cops

83
Q

What was the first official census?

A

Doomsday Book
William the Conqueror in 1085

used to assess property for taxation and detect availability of young men for military

84
Q

What did Henry Mayhew contribute to social surveys?

A

4 volume London Labour and London Poor

based on conversations and observations of daily life of street people

85
Q

What did Sebohm Rownstree contribute to social surveys?

A

study of town life

examined extent of urban poverty

86
Q

When were surveys the major method for social research?

A

1890s to 1930s

87
Q

What did Hull contribute to the U.S social survey movement?

A

1985

house maps and papers

88
Q

What was the beginning of the social survey movement like?

A

surveys largely exploratory and descriptive

used as means of informing public of the problems related to industrialism and provide info for democratic decision making

89
Q

What are the forces that re-shaped the social survey into modern qualitative survey research?

A 
researchers
post WW2
data storage
funding
methodology
90
Q

How did researchers shape the modern survey process?

A

created scales and indexes to gather quantitative data on subjective aspects of life

adapted the survey to applied areas
- ex. journalists

91
Q

How were surveys used post-WW2?

A

during WW2 government used survey research extensively

but when researchers returned to universities after the war, schools were reluctant to use survey research

  • cost
  • # of subjects required
  • skeptical of using something evolved from private industry
92
Q

How did surveys grow during 1970s?

A

significantly greater acceptance within academia
- psych, sociology, poli sci, economics

professional survey industry employs about 60,000 in U.S alone

93
Q

What factors contributed to growth in survey research after the 1970s?

A

advent of computers

evolution of social research centres within university settings

94
Q

What is data storage?

A

data archives created to store and permit sharing of large-scale survey data for secondary analysis

95
Q

What are modern day surveys?

A

many respondents
same questions
time factor

96
Q

What are the steps in conducting a survey?

A 
plan survey
overall design
methods of data collection
drawing the sample
questionnaire construction
administering questionnaire
data entry
tabulation
analysis
recording and reporting
97
Q

What are the 2 main survey designs?

A

descriptive

  • emphasize what characteristics the group or groups possess
  • can use cross-sectional, longitudinal, or group comparison

analytical

  • attempt to explain why certain groups have certain characteristics
  • address relationships between variables
  • cross-sectional, case control, prospective
98
Q

What are the types of surveys?

A 
mail
personal interviews
telephone interviews
web based
focus groups
Delphi technique
99
Q

What are the advantages of mail surveys?

A 
cost savings
no interviewer bias
greater anonymity
completion by respondent at their convenience 
accessibility to wide region
identical wording for all respondents
100
Q

What are the disadvantages of mail surveys?

A

low response rate
unanswered questions
inability to record non-verbal and spontaneous reactions
can’t control order of question answering or environment of answering

101
Q

What are some factors that affect mail surveys?

A 
length
easy
how to get it back to them
time patterns
- March is good, February and April are bad
- September is good for only school
incentives
102
Q

What are good rates of return?

A

90% is amazing and very unusual
50-60% is desirable
30% is happy
0% speaks volumes

103
Q

What is eligibility rate?

A

% of contacted respondents who are eligible

104
Q

What is location rate?

A

% of people in sampling frame who are located

105
Q

What is response rate?

A

of surveys completed given the number of eligible people

106
Q

What is contact rate?

A

% of people contacted, eligible respondents who agree to participate

107
Q

What is non-contact rate?

A

those who could not be contacted

ex. isolated areas

108
Q

What is non-response rate?

A

of surveys not completed

109
Q

What is the term for individuals completing the survey?

A

respondents

110
Q

What type of research uses open ended questions?

A

qualitative

111
Q

What type of research uses close ended questions?

A

quantitative

112
Q

What are the advantages of personal interviews?

A 
flexibility/further probing
higher response rate
control question order
observe nonverbal responses
can use more complex questions
113
Q

What are the disadvantages of personal interviews?

A 
cost in time and money
open to manipulation
personality clashes
lack of anonymity
lack of question standardization due to probing
lack of access to certain respondents
114
Q

What are the types of interview structure?

A

unstructured
- broad freedom of time and responses, usually for very personal info

semi-structured
- core set of questions, interviewer can move in related directions for probing

structured
- well-defined pattern of questions, can only clarify/elaborate on answers

115
Q

What are the advantages of telephone interviews?

A 
cost savings
faster
cover broad geographical area
increased anonymity
can listen back later
accessibility
call backs if no answer
116
Q

What are the disadvantages of telephone interviews?

A

less motivated to respond
don’t know if it is a hoax
checklists and visual aids can’t be available
little control over situation

117
Q

What is interview bias?

A

personal opinions overshadow the respondents answers

118
Q

What types of errors could interview respondents make?

A

forgetting, embarrassment, misunderstanding, lying

119
Q

What types of unintentional errors could researchers make in interviews?

A

contacting wrong person
misreading questions/reading questions in wrong order
record wrong answer

120
Q

What types of intentional errors could researchers make in interviews?

A

alteration of answers
omission of answers
altering questions/choices of respondent
failure to probe properly

121
Q

What are the types of web-based surveys?

A

email
- better than regular mail but may not be able to reach everyone
USB
- questions loaded on USB and sent to respondent
- issues with viruses, mail damage
forms-based
- questionnaire on researchers website

122
Q

What are focus groups?

A

several respondents and one researcher
usually semi-structured
want to stimulate a discussion
usually 4-8 interviewees per group

123
Q

What is the Delphi Technique?

A

used in settings to achieve group consensus
each individual gives feedback, others reconsider their position in light of others comments
use multiple questionnaires in temporal order to reach a final consensus

124
Q

What are close-ended questions?

A

questions with fixed answers

ex. yes/no, male/female

125
Q

What are the advantages of close-ended questions?

A

easy to answer
simplifies coding and analysis
better response rate for sensitive questions

126
Q

What are the disadvantages of close-ended questions?

A

if someone is unsure of the question it may result in a random guess
possibility of too many categories
variations in responses are reduced due to restrictiveness
incorrect answer selection

127
Q

What are open-ended questions?

A

unrestricted, free-range answers

128
Q

What are the advantages of open-ended questions?

A

useable when all answer categories are known
preferred for controversial/sensitive/complex issues
allows for creativity, clarification, and detail

129
Q

What are the disadvantages of open-ended questions?

A

difficult to code and analyze
greater demands on respondent (time, thought, writing)
questions may be too general

130
Q

What are some things to avoid when interviewing?

A 
jargon
slang
abbreviations
ambiguity/confusion/vagueness
emotional language
prestige bias
adjectives without agreed upon meaning
double-barrelled questions
leading questions
questions beyond capability of respondent
fake premises
double negatives
asking about distant future events
overlapping response categories
131
Q

What is prestige bias?

A

designing question such that a highly respected group/individual is associated with an answer choice

132
Q

What is a double-barrelled question?

A

contains multiple issues and can create confusion/ambiguous answers

133
Q

What are leading questions?

A

aka loaded questions

ex. “you don’t smoke, do you?”

answers can’t be considered legitimate

134
Q

What are scales?

A 
class of quantitative data measures that capture intensity, direction, level of a variable along a continuum
often used in survey research
135
Q

What is the most common level of measurement used in scales?

A

ordinal

136
Q

What is the most common purpose of using a scale?

A

researcher wants to measure how an individual feels about something

137
Q

What are the types of rating scales?

A 
numerical
- ex. pain scale
checklist
- ex. check all that apply
forced choice
- ex. given options, choose one
rankings
- ex. rank items from most to least favourite
138
Q

What is a Likert scale?

A

provides ordinal level measurement of people’s attitudes
score can be summed by scores of responses people give
has numbers, but just used for convenience, not interval
developed in 1930s by Rennis Likert

139
Q

What is a response set?

A

a tendency to agree with every question in a series rather than think through one’s answers

aka response bias

140
Q

How can we avoid response set?

A

wording statements in alternative directions

141
Q

What does it mean to index responses?

A

assign scores to answers in order to give more precise measurement of one’s opinion

ex. 1 = disagree, 2 = idk, 3 = agree

142
Q

What is a semantic differential scale?

A

provides indirect measure of how a person feels about a concept/object/person using adjectives

marks on a continuum with 7-11 points between them where they feel

ex. good——————-bad

143
Q

What are the major classes of meaning for semantic differential scales?

A

evaluation (good-bad)
potency (strong-weak)
activity (active-passive)

144
Q

What are common rating errors?

A 
leniency
central tendency
halo
proximity errors
observer bias
observer expectations
145
Q

What is the central tendency rating error?

A

person completing scale tends to avoid extremes

146
Q

What is halo rating error?

A

previous impressions/knowledge of a person or subject will impact answers

147
Q

What are proximity rating errors?

A

when rater considers certain behaviours to be nearly the same when they are listed closer together on a scale versus when they are separated by some distance

becomes more of an issue when the rater doesn’t understand all of the words on the list

148
Q

What is the meaning of salacious?

A

to treat sexual matter in an indecent way and convey too much interest or enjoyment in the subject

149
Q

What are observer bias rating errors?

A

rater has own biases and prejudices that affect answers

150
Q

What are observer expectations rating errors?

A

provide answers that reflect what the rater expects the answer should be

151
Q

What is the truth value of a study?

A

aka credibility

how true are the findings for the participants

152
Q

What is applicability?

A

extent to which findings can be applied to other contexts or other participants

aka transferability

153
Q

What is neutrality?

A

degree to which findings are based on participants’ true meanings and experiences, not researchers’ biases/motivations/perspectives

154
Q

What is methodological coherence?

A

indicator of quality research

everything connects

requires alignment within all aspects of research design

155
Q

What is an armchair walkthrough?

A

reflecting on all aspects of a study

156
Q

What is the COREQ?

A

consolidated criteria for reporting qualitative research

comprehensive protocol to adequately assess qualitative research

157
Q

What are the 3 domains of the COREQ?

A

research team and reflexivity
study design
analysis and findings

158
Q

What are characterizing traits?

A

criteria that may loosely allude to the quality of research, but are not necessarily indicative of strong research

KP290 (4 decks)

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