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BIS2C > Midterm 3 > Flashcards

Midterm 3 Flashcards

1
Q

Components of wood:

A

Cellulose (C6 H10 O5):

A polysaccharide consisting of a linear chain of several hundred to many thousands of Beta linked D-glucose units. It is the most abundant organic polymer on Earth.

Hemicellulose: A polysaccharide comprising about 20% of the biomass of most plants. Derived from several sugars in addition to glucose. Consists of shorter branched chains.

Lignin: Cross-linked phenolic polymers important in the formation of cell walls, especially in wood and bark because they lend rigidity and do not breakdown easily.

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2
Q

Brown rot fungi

A

Capable of breaking down cellulose and hemicellulose but leave lignin behind. This type of decay most common in conifers.

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3
Q

White rot fungi

A

Break down cellulose, hemicellulose and lignin. Common in all types of trees.

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4
Q

Peat

A

Partially decayed plant material. Serves as a carbon sink. When plants died, their bodies formed peat.
Peat acidified the swamps and reduced fungal abundance.

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5
Q

How can a fungus take apart a tree

A
  • The fungal body is a mycelium and it consists of a group of hyphae
  • Hyphae have a high surface area to volume ratio. Most cells are directly in contact with the environment.
  • Extracellular enzymes are synthesized inside hyphae and then secreted to the outside.
  • The products of extracellular digestion are absorbed across the hyphal wall. They have absorptive nutrition (absorptive heterotrophs).
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6
Q

As substrates for fungal growth, lignin and methane are:

A

-Rarely used - about as rarely used as Keratin in hair.

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7
Q

Easy substrates include:

A

Fruit, flesh, leaves, cotton, and paper. Wood, bone, nails, hair, paint, cosmetics, soaps, leather, and fuel are more difficult.

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8
Q

Saprobes (decomposers)

A

Break down dead organic matter and are essential for nutrient cycling

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9
Q

Composting

A

Driven by saprobic fungi, the metabolism of which can be very hot.

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10
Q

Mycorrhizae

A

Ancient symbioses with Embryophytes that involve several lineages of fungi

Benefits:

  • Protection from root pathogens
  • Increased longevity of fine roots
  • Protection from heavy metals in soil
  • Linkages between plants
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11
Q

Microsporidia

A
  • Intracellular parasites
  • Infect arthropods, vertebrates
  • No mitochondria
  • Spores invade cells and allow for dormancy outside of a host
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12
Q

Cryptomycota

A

A recently discovered lineage of fungi. They are small and form close associations with many organisms.

  • Only detected through genomic analyses.
  • They attach to, engulf, or live in other cells and feed by phagocytosis.
  • Lack chitin in the cell walls of their feeding stages
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13
Q

Chitin

A

a fibrous substance consisting of polysaccharides and forming the major constituent in the exoskeleton of arthropods and the cell walls of fungi.

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14
Q

Chytrids

A
  • Non-monophyletic group
  • Swimming spores and gametes
  • Swimming spores have been lost in other fungal lineages
  • Coenocytic diploid stage goes through meiosis to produce haploid spores which make a haploid multicellular gametophyte.
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15
Q

Key feature of Dikarya (Synapomorphy)

A

The presence of a dikaryon which has a ploidy of n+n

  • Two genetically distinct haploid nuclei in each cell
  • Individual cells do not act as gametes
  • Hyphal fusion with nuclei acting as gametes
  • No real gametic stage.
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16
Q

Ascomycota

A

Largest group of fungi

  • Diagnostic spore structure - Ascus
  • Cup like fruiting bodies
  • Sexual or asexual reproduction
  • Many yeasts and molds are ascomycetes
  • There are meiospores and mitospores

Fruiting bodies have variety of shapes: including edibles like morels and truffles.

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17
Q

Mold

A

Ascomycetes that lack sexual reproduction in their life cycle. Does not include slime mold.

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18
Q

Conidia

A

Mitospores produced via mitosis (asexually). They form by pinching off cells at tips of hyphae.

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19
Q

Basidiomycota

A

2nd largest group of fungi

  • Diagnostic spore structure - Basidium
  • Fruiting bodies are variable, but many look like typical mushrooms.
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20
Q

Yeast

A

Unicellular fungi; Chemoorganotrophs.

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21
Q

Lichens

A

Symbiosis formed between Ascomycota and algae or cyanobacteria
-Body formed from fungal hyphae. Nearly all of them are obligately dependent on their photobiont

22
Q

Symbiosis

A

Nearly all photobionts are not obligately depndent on the lichen

23
Q

Mycotoxins

A

Secreted by fungi and may have important impacts on human health; either through secondary infection or chronic exposure

24
Q

Principle of continuity

A

Reducing the cross-sectional area of an outflow results in increased velocity

25
Q

Cleavage

A
  • Orderly process of cell division
  • Produces building-block cells
  • Gets you to a blastula (one layer of cells) surrounding a space called a blastocoel
  • Two major types of cleavage (spiral/radial) in tripoblasts.
26
Q

Cnidarians

A

Sea anemones and jelly fish. Diploblastic (endoderm, ectoderm). Have radial symmetry. Have cnidocytes (stinging cells)

27
Q

Radial symmetry

A

Animal in form of cylinder, parts arranged around the long axis, and with multiple imaginary planes that divide the animal into equal halves

28
Q

Colonies

A

Have a shared gut cavity (Permits food sharing which makes specialization possible)

29
Q

Specialization

A

Occurs when some polyps feed (gastrozooids), others reproduce (gonozoids) and others specialize in defense (dactylozooids)

30
Q

Anthozoa

A
  • Polyps only
  • No medusae
  • May clone (and fight for space on a hard surface)
  • Make gametes
31
Q

Cubozoa

A
  • Cube or box jellies (sea wasps)
  • Very toxic sting
  • Some have eyes with epidermal cornea, cellular lens and multi-layered retina
32
Q

Cnetophores (comb jellies)

A
  • Radial symmetry
  • Complete gut
  • Predators
33
Q

Mesoderm

A
  • Mesoderm is the source of most organs and organ tissues.
  • It can line the outer edge of the blastocoel
  • It can fill the blastocoel
34
Q

Annelida

A 
Body types:
-Polychaetes
-Oligochaetes
Major clades: Errantia and Sedentaria
Clitellata (Earthworms + leeches)
-Bilaterally symmetrical
-Segmented body
-Complete gut
35
Q

Metamerism/segmentation

A

Having a body composed of serially repeated units

36
Q

Clitellum

A

Thickened band in middle of body that secretes a cocoon for protection of young; in leeches it is visible only in the reproductive season

37
Q

Leeches

A

Predators or blood-sucking ectoparasites

  • Clitellum visible only in reproductive season
  • Lack setae
38
Q

Mollusca

A
  • Bilateral symmetry
  • Complete gut
  • Reduced coelom
  • Well developed nervous system
39
Q

Mollusca features

A
  • Trocophore larva
  • Mante
  • Foot
  • Radula
40
Q

Mantle functions

A
  • Secretes the hard shell, if one is present
  • Produces and contains sense organs
  • Produces and enfolds respiratory organs
  • Encloses a space called the mantle cavity used for respiration and storage
41
Q

Molluscan classes

A

Chitons (Polyplacophora = many plate bearers, Bivalves (clams, oysters, mussels = two shells, mostly sedentary filter feeders (using gills), no radula); also called Pelecypoda = hatchet foot), Gastropods (stomach foot), Cephalopods (squids, octopus, cuttlefishes = head foot)

42
Q

Consequences of an exoskeleton

A
  • Support for walking on land
  • Sites for muscle attachment
  • Protection against predators
  • Chitin reduces water loss
43
Q

Circulatory systems

A

No circulatory system:
-Porifera, Cnidaria, Platyhelminthes, Nematoda
Open systems: Mollusca; except in Cephalopoda, Arthropoda, and Onychophora
Closed system:
-Annelida
-Echinoderm
-Chordata

44
Q

Anthropods

A
  • Chelicerata: Arachnids, horseshoe crab
  • Myriapoda: Centipedes, millipedes
  • Crustacea: Crabs, shrimp, lobsters, barnacles, etc.
  • Hexapoda: Insects and allies
45
Q

Echinoidea

A

Sea urchins, heart urchins, sand dollars (bilateral)

46
Q

Holothuroidea

A

Sea cucumbers (bilateral)

47
Q

Brittle star (Ophiuroidea)

A
  • Long slender arms
  • Locomotion by arm movement
  • Light-avoiding
48
Q

Echinoidea

A

Sea urchins, heart urchins, sand dollars

49
Q

Holothuroidea

A

Sea cucumbers

50
Q

Chordates

A

Sea squirts, lancelets, jawless fishes, jawed fishes, and tetrapods (amphibians, reptiles, mammals)

Deuterostomes with:

  • Notochord
  • Dorsal tubular nerve cord
  • Post-anal tail
  • Pharyngeal slits
  • Endostyle thyroid
51
Q

Chordate features

A
  • Dorsal hollow nerve
  • Notochord
  • Post-anal tail
  • Endostyle thyroid
  • Pharyngeal slits
52
Q

Lamprey

A
  • No bone, no jaws
  • Sucker-like mouth and rasping teeth
  • Larvae are mud-dwelling
  • Filter feeders
  • Have a notochord surrounded by cartilagious arches.

BIS2C (2 decks)

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