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biology > Midterm > Flashcards

Midterm Flashcards

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0
Q

What is the general structures and degrees of eukaryotics

A

They have organelles, have a nucleus, they’re all other living things and are single called organisms

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1
Q

What are the general structures and degrees of prokaryotes

A

Prokaryotes have no organelles, have no nucleus, are primite cells, and they are ONLY bacteria

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2
Q

A barrier to protect the cell and controls what comes in and out; both cells types

A

Cell membrane

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3
Q

Control center of the cell, contains genetic information and it has dna , both cell types

A

Nucleus

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4
Q

Powerhouse of the cell and makes energy from food and oxygen; both

A

Mitochondria

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5
Q

Proteins from ER come here, labels and packages the proteins, gives them a direction to follow; both cell types

A

Golgi apparatus

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6
Q

The clean up crew, they are small structures that can digest food and dead organelles; both

A

Lysosomes

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7
Q

Transportation route of cell materials travel through it, is smooth and has ribosomes; both

A

Smooth ER

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8
Q

Transportation route of cell, materials travel through it, is rough and has ribosomes; both

A

Rough ER

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9
Q

Protect and support the organelles within the cell; both

A

Cytoplasm

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10
Q

They make proteins, can be four. In cytoplasm or on Endoplasmic reticulum; both

A

Ribosomes

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11
Q

Stores food and other material, many small ones in animal cells and one big one in plants; both

A

Vacuoles

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12
Q

Found only in animal cells and help during cell division; animals

A

Centrioles

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13
Q

Uses energy from sunlight to make food PHOTOSYNTHESIS, found only in plants; plants

A

Chloroplasts

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14
Q

Very strong wall that supports and protects the plant cell, it allows materials in and out; plants

A

Cell wall

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15
Q

Boundary for all cells to maintain homeostasis

A

Plasma membrane

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16
Q

A membrane with pores that surrounds the nucleus

A

Nuclear envelope

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17
Q

Dense center in the nucleus where ribosomes are made

A

Nucleolous

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18
Q

Highway of the cell, rough- contains ribosomes (lots of proteins) , smooth- sight of lipid break down

A

Endoplasmic reticulum

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19
Q

Anchors cellular organelles, and maintains sells shape

A

Cytoskeleton

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20
Q

Short hair like projection similar to a flagellum; produces movement in many cells

A

Cilium/flagella

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21
Q

“Fare foot” to help with movement

A

Pseudopod

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22
Q

What are the six main elements found in living organism? (CHONSP)

A

Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, sulfur, phosphate

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23
Q 
Elements- C,H,O
Monomer- monosaccharides 
Polymers- pisaccrides, polysaccharide 
Function- provides short term energy
Examples- starch, cellulose, glycogen
A

Carbohydrates

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24
Elements- C,H,O Monomer- hydrocarbon Polymers- triglycerides, water, oils, cholesterol Function- long term memory, form cell membranes, in sulcite Ex.- saturated fats, unsaturated fats, trans fats
Lipids
25
Elements- C, H, O, N,S Monomer- amino acids Polymers- proteins, enzymes Function- enzymes- structure, transport, cell process Ex.- 20 universal amino acids, form 3D shape
Proteins
26
Elements- C,H,O,N,P Monomer- nucleotides Polymers- DNA,RNA Function- store & transport genetic and hereditary info Examples- DNA transcript end to RNA - translates into proteins - A,T,C,G,U
Nucleic acids
27
What is the role/function of an enzyme?
To speed up a chemical reaction
28
What type of organic molecule is an enzyme?
A protein
29
What three letters do most enzymes end with
"ase"
30
How does pH affect enzymes
pH denatures enzymes
31
How does temperature affect enzymes
pH denatures it
32
Small molecules that pass directly through the membrane- passive, high to low
Diffusion
33
Diffusion of water across a membrane
Osmosis
34
Slightly larger molecules that use a protein Chanel/ gate to pass through the membrane
Facilitated diffusion
35
Pump ions against the gradient with the help of a protein | - ATP
Active transport
36
``` Cell type- Pro # cells- uni Reproduction- both Nutrition- auto or hetero ```
Archaebacteria
37
- pro - uni - asexual - auto or hetero
Eubacteria
38
Eu Mostly uni some multi Asexual Auto or hetero
Protista
39
Eu Most multi some uni Sexual Hetero
Fungi
40
Eu Multi Sexual and asexual Auto
Plantae
41
Eu Multi Sexual Hetero
Animalia
42
What is the purpose of mitosis and the cell cycle
Divides cells to check new cell
43
What is the outcome of mitosis?
Two identical daughter cells
44
Why is mitosis associated with asexual reproduction
It creates offspring by itself
45
The cell grows and functions normally
Interphase
46
The chromosomes become visible,the centrioles separate, the spindle fibers begin to form, and the nuclear membrane breaks down
Prophase
47
The chromosomes line up across the center of the cell, and each chromosome is connected to a spindle fiber at the centromere
Metaphase
48
The spindle fibers separate the chromatids into individual chromosomes and they are moved apart
Metaphase
49
The spindle fibers separate the chromatids into indidual chromosomes and they are moved apart
Anaphase
50
The chromosomes gather at opposite ends of the cell, the new nuclear membranes form, the chromosomes lose their distinct shape
Telophase
51
The cytoplasm pinches and two cells are formed
Cytokinesis
52
Has DNA but it's more complex, can divide with sexual reproduction
Cell
53
Can only replicate itself, only has DNA
Virus
54
Which is smaller in size : bacteria or virus
Bacteria
55
Do virus's have more or less genetic material than bacteria
More
56
What three parts are necessary for a virus
Genome, genetic material, protein coat
57
How do virus's reproduce
Lytic
58
What is necessary for virus reproduction
Lysogenic
59
Describe the structure of DNA
is a double helix, base pairs,spiral staircases
60
What is the purpose of DNA in terms of hereditary
DNA determines what genes are past down
61
Describe the process of DNA replication
Making a copy of itself according to the base pairing rules
62
How does this conserve the genetic code
By staying in order

biology (12 decks)

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