Midterm Flashcards
(360 cards)
1
Q
The earliest form of communication through paintings in
A
Australia (Australian Aboriginal art) 28,000 years old.
2
Q
Cave Paintings 20,000 B.C.
A
Southern France
3
Q
Petroglyphs +4,000 years old
A
Valley of Fire, Nevada
4
Q
What is considered to be the earliest civilization?
A
Egypt
5
Q
Pyramids in Egypt between 2,700 and 1,500 B.C. are considered the earliest form of what?
A
communication.
6
Q
Came right after Egypt in +2,100 B.C.
A
Ziggurat, Ur
7
Q
Have been passed on for 1,000s of years and set the foundation for communication today
A
Letters
8
Q
Print Revolution Alphabets:
A
Hieroglyphics
Phoenicians
Greek
Latin
9
Q
Moveable clay type: 1041 Sankrit- thousands of years old
A
Chinese
10
Q
Ground Zero of the planet
A
Egypt
11
Q
The key that unlocked the mysteries of hieroglyphics.
A
Rosetta Stone
12
Q
These weren’t just pictures they were phonetic sounds. Like seeing a movie with out a movie or hearing the movie.
A
Hieroglyphics (Egyptians)
13
Q
The chosen style of writing form in Mesopotamia. Based mainly on sound
A
Cuneiform
14
Q
Indus Valley Script
A
Pakistan- Combine of Hieroglyphics & Cuneiform
15
Q
Sophisticated seafarers. Use to trade with Greeks.
A
Phoenician
16
Q
___________ taught the greeks
A
Phoenicians
17
Q
Most of our ideas from from _________.
A
ancient Rome
18
Q
_______ was the biggest empire of all time
A
Rome
19
Q
The Library at Alexandria
A
Destroyed by successive fires.
20
Q
________ empire wobbles at 400 AD.
A
Roman
21
Q
Roman Dictator
A
Caesar
22
Q
Considered one of the most dramatic events in intellectual history
A
The Library at Alexandria fire.
23
Q
The Middle Ages where considered the “dark ages”, why?
A
There’s no record of what happened for 500 year time span due to the Library fire of Alexandria
24
Q
information was scarce.
Needed to know _______ (language of the rich)
A
latin
25
Written in Germany, mid-12th Cent
Romanesque Document
26
Made it easier for language to be mass produced. Took a wine press and turned it into a printing press.
Gutenberg press
27
Developed from the wine press in the Rhine Valley in 1440 – used blocks with a single letter. (Bible 1455)
Gutenberg press by Johannes Gutenberg
28
First book produced was the _____
bible
29
The first press rolled ink over raised surfaces of hand-set letters held within wooden form, then pressed against a sheet of paper.
Gutenberg press
30
Translated Bible while in exile into vernacular, 1534 (Latin to German)
Martin Luther
31
Plea for the press:
| “Give me the liberty to know, to utter, and to argue freely according to conscience, above all liberties.”
John Milton, “Areopagitica,” 1644
32
People rethinking the way power is centralized.
John Milton, “Areopagitica,” 1644
33
Natural Law (John Milton)
you don’t need a king. you are born with rights. (U.S.)
34
Plea for the press:
| “Give me the liberty to know, to utter, and to argue freely according to conscience, above all liberties.”
John Milton, “Areopagitica,” "Paradise Lost" 1667
35
Between 1760s and Revolution
# of newspapers doubles
Hot spots:
* Annapolis
* Boston
* Philadelphia
* New York
* Williamsburg
36
```
Philadelphia
- lawyers
New York
-1830
Williams burg
- Virginia
```
printing press hot spots
37
Largest publishing city in the world
Washing DC
38
He is considered an American Renaissance man, the founder of the Pennsylvania Gazette, and one of the most successful journalists of his day.
Ben Franklin
39
Poor Richard’s Alminack, 1733
Ben Franklin
40
```
Poor Richards Almanac
-made with brother
focused on money
Wall Street journal of its day
-“Penny saved is a penny earned”
-“Early to bed early to rise”
```
Ben Franklin
41
The poor man must walk to get
meat for his stomach, the rich
man to get a stomach to his meat.
Poor Richard’s Alminack, 1733
| Ben Franklin
42
* If Pride leads the Van, Beggary brings up the Rear.
* Be slow in chusing a Friend, slower in changing.
* The cunning man steals a horse, the wise man lets him alone.
Poor Richard’s Alminack, 1733
| Ben Franklin
43
Nothing but Money, Is
| sweeter than Honey.
Poor Richard’s Alminack, 1733
| Ben Franklin
44
• Keep thy shop, & thy shop will keep thee. • What’s given shines, What’s receiv’d is rusty.
Poor Richard’s Alminack, 1733
| Ben Franklin
45
Why print both sides?
“That hence arises the peculiar Unhappiness of that Business, which other Callings are no way liable to; they who follow Printing being scarce able to any thing in their way to get a Living, which shall not probably give Offence to some, and perhaps to many.”
Pennsylvania Gazette
| “An Apology for Printers,” June 19, 1731 - Ben Franklin
46
Fair and balanced “Get as many voices involved as possible”
Pennsylvania Gazette
| “An Apology for Printers,” June 19, 1731 - Ben Franklin
47
Why print on both sides?
- save money
- many voices
- increase relationships which will make more money
48
South Carolina Gazette, 1738
• first female editor/publisher in America • among first female journalists
• contracts with Franklin, Philadelphia
Elizabeth Timothy
49
Her husband wrote for one of Ben Franks newspapers.
she picked up the paper after he husbanded died.
Nobody knew until they started adding bylines.
No bylines created equal opportunity
Elizabeth Timothy
50
Too many years of pulling on a hand press often created physical deformities:
• an elongated right arm
• a limping, shambling gait • severe back injuries
or all of the above.
Ancestors overworked and underpaid. Nothing new under the sun?
51
Massachusetts Governor Thomas Hutchinson referred to this man as “the Grand Incendiary of the Province” in 1765.
Sam Adams
52
radical & a brewer
Sam Adams
53
Most important radical newspaper. JOHN EDES &
BENJAMIN GILL
Auxiliary newsroom: The Green Dragon Tavern
Contributors known as the Caucus Club: Sam & John Adams, John Hancock, James Otis
The Boston Gazette
54
The _______________ was the leading radical paper of the Revolution. (most colonist sided with king)
Boston Gazette
55
British add 10-lbs fee:
• admittance to the bar • taxed legal documents • business papers
• newspapers
The Stamp Act 1765
56
Stamp master _____________ hung in effigy from the Liberty Tree in Boston.
Andrew Oliver
57
Mob led by Adams destroys buildings. Then parliament repeals __________ 1766.
Stamp Act
58
_________ organized a mob and ran British collector out oof town
Sam Adams
59
Boston Gazette, “Right of Revolution,” 1769
Coverage of Boston Massacre, 1770
Five people killed
Sam Adams
60
British respond to Boston Massacre with
Marshall Law
61
- 5 people get shot by British troops.
| - Teenage punks yelling “Fire” and throw stuff at British soilders started it
The Bloody Massacre by Paul Revere
62
“The British are coming”-
| also a printer
Paul Revere
63
As reported in the Gazette, March 12, 1770
They [the boys] took place by the custom house and, continuing to push to drive the people off pricked some in several places, on which they were clamorous and, it is said, threw snow balls. On this, the Captain commanded them to fire; and more snow balls coming, he again said, damn you, fire, be the consequence what it will! One soldier then fired, and a townsman with a cudgel struck him over the hands with such force that he dropped his firelock; and, rushing forward, aimed a blow at the Captain’s head which grazed his hat and fell pretty heavy upon his arm. However, the soldiers continued the fire successively till seven or eight or, as some say, eleven guns were discharged.
The Boston Massacre
64
_________ stops a lynch mob and organized a trial. British troops acquitted
John adams
65
He was “the first martyr of the American revolution,” killed by British troops during the Boston Massacre.
Crispus Attucks
66
- 1/2 african american and 1/2 native american
| - 1st death by British
Crispus Attucks
67
Not the Battle of Lexington or Bunker Hill . . . were more important events in American history than the Battle of King Street, on the 5th of March, 1770. The death of four or five persons, the most obscure and inconsiderable that could have been found upon the continent, has never yet been forgiven in any part of America.
– John Adams, 2nd President, cousin of the rabble-rouser
68
“Shot heard round the world”
Fighting begins 1775:
| Lexington and Concord
69
American armies try to stop British invasion Results are disastrous (1775/1776)
War with England
70
If we had a Mt. Rushmore for journalists ...
Thomas Paine
71
Changes the tides of the revolution
Thomas Paine
72
__________ was a journalist. He edited the Pennsylvania Magazine and wrote most of its contents.
Thomas Paine
73
Came to the US 1775
Pennsylvania Mag
Bounced around from job to job
Thomas Paine
74
```
He helped put these issues on the American agenda:
• The end of slavery
• Emancipation of women
• Abolition of dueling
• Prevention of animal cruelty
• Equitable divorce laws
• Protection for intellectual property
```
Thomas Paine
75
Believed in protection for intellectual property. bylines actually mean something and you should get paid.
Thomas Paine
76
Common Sense
Thomas Paine
77
First published anonymously in January 1776, it was a propaganda piece without precedent. Why you don’t need a king
Thomas Paine
78
“The American Crisis”
1776
-Super Bowl audience with a lead to end all leads!
Thomas Paine
79
70% of people were reading ___________ in 1776
Thomas Paine
80
These are the times that try
| men’s souls. (December 23, 1776)
Thomas Paine
| “The American Crisis”
81
Most famous lead of all time by Thomas Paine
These are the times that try men’s souls. The summer soldier and the sunshine patriot will in the crisis shrink from the service of his country; but he that stands it NOW, deserves the love and thanks of man and woman . . .
82
The Elements of Style, tried to
| rewrite that famous sentence and pondered the great mystery of style.
E.B. White
83
```
• Times like these try men’s souls.
• How trying it is to live
in these times!
• These are trying times for
men’s souls.
• Soulwise, these are trying times.
```
The Elements of Style by E.B. White
84
Tyranny, like hell, is not easily conquered; yet we have this consolation with us, that the harder the conflict, the more glorious the triumph. What we obtain too cheap, we esteem too lightly; ‘tis dearness only that gives everything its value. Heaven knows how to put a proper price upon its goods; and it would be strange indeed, if so celestial an article as FREEDOM should not be highly rated.
E.B. White
85
_______ publish anonymously
| popularized the ideas of natural law
Thomas Paine
86
_______ attacks King George III directly
Audience: Common people (not the elite)
Why? Most colonists do not initially support Revolution.
Keep in mind the punishments for TREASON
Thomas Paine
87
Defends French Revolution
Thomas Paine
88
These Self-Evident “Truths”
| show up all over the place in _________’s writings,
Thomas Paine
89
Men are born free and equal in respect of their rights.
The end of all political associations is the preservation of the natural rights of man; liberty, property, security, and resistance of oppression.
The nation is the source of sovereignty, and no one
can be entitled to any authority which is not expressly derived from it.
French Declaration influenced by T-Paine
90
_______ populated the langue used in the declaration of indepenece but did not right it.
Thomas Paine
91
Congress shall make no law respecting an
establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof;
or abridging the freedom of speech, or of the press;
or the right of the people peaceably to
assemble, and to petition the Government for a redress of grievances.
The First Amendment
92
originally: pursuit of happiness =
property (slaves)
93
1st amendment protects people from
government
94
John Peter Zenger, The New York Journal, tried for sedition and libel:
Zenger Trial, 1735
95
Criticized governor of New York William Cosby on behalf of a political faction headed by James Alexander:
Accuses Cosby of rigging appointees, calls him an “idiot,” “Nero,” and a “rogue."
Zenger Trial, 1735
96
_______was a journalist (German immigrant)
James Alexander used ______ to write stories about Cosby.
Cosby throws _____ in jail bc he’s the one that wrote it. Cosby issues order to destroy the Journal
Zenger
97
_______ arrested and imprisoned under a warrant signed by Governor.
Charged with “printing and publishing several seditious libels.”
Jailed for nine months, a
scapegoat ...who is usually responsible for content?
Zenger
98
“Get yourself a Philadelphia lawyer.” __________ of Philadelphia takes case. _______ agrees Zenger printed publications, but sees no reason to deny
“the publication of a complaint which I think is the right of every free-born subject to make.”
Andrew Hamilton
99
The “bare printing and publishing” of a paper should not be libel; rather, the printed words
themselves must be libelous, that is: false; scandalous; seditious, “or else we are not guilty.” (libel)
Hamilton's argument in the Zenger trial
100
The question before the court ... is not of small nor private concern, it is not the cause of a poor printer, nor of New York alone, which you are now trying. ... No! It may in its consequence affect every freeman that lives under a British government on
the Main of America. ... It is the cause of liberty; and I make no doubt but your upright conduct this day will not only entitle you to the love and esteem of your fellow citizens; but every man who prefers freedom to a life of slavery will bless and honor you as men who have baffled the attempt of tyranny.
Hamilton's argument in the Zenger trial
101
```
Case considered
influential in
developing First
Amendment
rights (ratified 1791)
(& later libel laws)
```
Zenger trial. Zenger released.
102
-May 1776: Recognizes revolutionary assemblies as legal governments
-June 11: Declaration of Independence drafted by Thomas Jefferson & John Adams
Roger Sherman, Conn., Robert Livingston, N.Y.
-July 4: Declaration approved
Continental Congress
103
“We hold these truths to be self- evident, that all men are created equal, that they are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable Rights, that among these are Life, Liberty and the
pursuit of Happiness.”
Declaration of Independence
104
“A popular government, without popular information, or the means of acquiring it, is but a prologue to a farce or a tragedy; or perhaps both. Knowledge will forever govern ignorance; and a people who mean to be their own governors must arm themselves with the power which knowledge
gives.”
James Madison (letter to W.T. Barry, 4 August 1822)
105
• First 10 Amendments (1791)
Primarily civil rights – outlines what
the government cannot do.
• Amendments 11-27 (1795-1992) Additional rights/procedural tuning.
The Bill of Rights
106
Nineteenth Century Press Transformations:
* Commercialization
* Wide-scale production (technology) • Democratization
* Sensationalism
107
The media goes “mass”
Nineteenth Century
108
Is the freedom of the
| press absolute?
“Congress shall make no law ... abridging the freedom of speech, or of the press.”
Until the 20th century, you might say no one had made a federal case out of it ...
109
Schenck calls for opposition to the draft. Justice Oliver Wendell Holmes suggests speech/the press cannot pose “a clear and present danger” in times of war
Schenck v. United States (1919)
110
Related case to Schenck v. United States (1919)
Abrams v. United States (1919)
111
Jay Near publishes scandal sheet attacking local officials:
Charges they’re in with the mob.
(like Vegas in the 50’s ran by the mob pretty much)
Near v. Minnesota, 1931
112
Minnesota officials obtain injunction to prevent _______ from publishing newspaper:
State law allows action against periodicals.
Jay Near
113
According to the law:
Any person “engaged in the business” of regularly publishing or circulating a newspaper or periodical that was
“malicious, scandalous and defamatory” or “obscene, lewd, and lascivious”
was
guilty of a committing nuisance and could be stopped.
114
Chief Justice Hughes: Liberty of the press =
“laying no previous restraints upon publication, and not in freedom from censure for criminal matter when published.”
Key finding: NO prior restraint
Supreme Court “Landmark” Decision in the Near v. Minnesota, 1931 case
115
Implications that came after Supreme Court “Landmark” Decision in the Near v. Minnesota, 1931 case
1) Extends Bill of Rights to cover federal
government, as well as states. First Amendment
says “Congress shall make no law ...” Court holds Due Process Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment applies to states.
2) Court establishes that the government has no power of prior restraint. Government cannot censor the press and prevent publication. Does NOT mean newspapers can’t be held liable for libel – needs to be proven in court.
116
Alexander Hamilton, James Madison, John Jay
| Purpose: Gain support for Constitution Published in New York newspapers
The Federalist Papers, 1787
117
“propaganda” written to support strong federal government, Hamilton described as “a natural journalist”
The Federalist Papers, 1787
118
Jefferson concerned about lack of protection against government intrusion
Bill of Rights
119
Federalist Papers + Bill of Rights =
Republican form of government
120
Flip side to the Fed papers was the
Bill of rights
121
Based on the on the idea of representation
Republic
122
The compromise between the Fed papers and Bill of rights
Pay to DC like Romans paid the capital
You scratch my back ill scratch yours
Republic
123
Free exchange of newspapers between printers.
| Freedom of information = democratic discourse
Post Office Act of 1792
124
He was the first
| Postmaster General.
Ben Franklin
125
_______ is the most important publisher and was the post master general
Ben Franklin
126
After the frenzy of the revolution, the press settled into the long period we still call
_________
The Dark Ages of American Journalism.
127
________ has the power to influence who gets information.
Postmaster
128
Federalists
EDITOR:
PAPER:
MENTOR:
- John FENNO
- Gazette of the United States
- Alexander Hamilton
129
Republicans
EDITOR:
PAPER:
MENTOR:
- Phillip FRENEAU
- National Gazette
- Thomas Jefferson
130
Worked with Jefferson and Supported articles that attacked John Adams.
Freneau
131
“The poet of the Revolution”
Freneau
132
Jefferson closely aligned with
French
133
Federalist Treasurer Chase Manhattan
Alexander Hamilton
134
All about money. Wanted people to build up credit.
| Wanted a national bank
Alexander Hamilton
135
In the 1790s, one of the causes ________ addressed included a defense of President Adams was in collusion with the British in plotting an invasion of Spanish Florida.
Fenno
136
At one point, the temperature of the debate grew so high that an opposing editor
attacked Fenno with a cane
137
The Second First Lady (Very influential)
Abigail Adams
138
_________ were on the same page at first both of them died on the exact same day 50 years after the signing of the declaration of independence
Jefferson and Adams
139
________ advocated these:
The Alien and Sedition Acts of 1798
. . . which Freneau, of course, opposed.
Fenno
140
Federalists (John Adams) restrict freedom of information
| Congress, 1789:
Alien and Sedition Acts 1798
141
According to Federalist leadership: Political opposition =
disloyalty
142
President Adams signs provisions affecting aliens, freedom of expression:
Extends period of residence necessary to become a citizen from 5 to 14 years (tried to make it harder to become a US citizen )
The Naturalization Act June 18, 1798
143
President receives powers to deport all males over age 14 who had threatened U.S. territory.
Enemy Alien Act
144
Illegal to conspire against the government.
Criminalizes publication of
“false, scandalous, and
malicious writing” against government or government officials.
Sedition Act
145
Stain on Adams legacy.
| _________ contradicts the first amendment
Sedition Act
146
Incriminates people who counsel, advise or attempt to procure with criminal intent any
“insurrection,” “riot,” “unlawful assembly,” “or combination”
Punishment = fine up to $5,000 and imprisonment up to 5 years.
Sedition Act
147
15 prosecutions of criminal charges, several against Jeffersonian newspapers
Law expires 1801 Jefferson pardons all convicted
Draconian
148
Supporters argue it was necessary because of the threat of war with France. __________ :Allows Federalists to appoint more politicians to office and oppose anti-Federalists.
Net effect
149
From the French Revolution
First: Clergy
Second: Nobility
Third: People
What is “The Fourth Estate”?
Collection of people who keep the government in check. Not a branch of government
150
```
What is described as
• a guard dog? (yes)
• a watchdog? (yes)
• a lapdog? (no)
• a seeing eye dog?(yes)
```
The Press
151
Democracy in America, 1835-40
Observations made in 1831 during government
mission to U.S:
Political democracy and social equality will replace Europe’s aristocratic institutions.
Alexis de Tocqueville, 1805-59 French writer/politician
152
Exit: The Dark Ages
Enter:
The Second Party System
153
Champions “common man” Expands suffrage Develops spoils system Celebration of heroic image
Also: brutal domestic policy
Andrew Jackson
154
Get as many people involved as possible.
_________ was the first President that wasn’t an aristocrat.
Celebration for the common man.
If you own a chunk of land you can now vote
Andrew Jackson
155
supports slaveory
trail of tears (Seminal
Native Americans)
Andrew Jackson
156
“Three-Fifths Clause”
| =
North/South compromise
157
```
He played a major role in journalism and politics well beyond the Age of Jackson.. Born into slavery
Illegal to read and right as slave
Self taught how to read and write
Affected national change
Inspired the Reconstruction
```
Frederick Douglass
158
Narrative of the Life of _____________ an American Slave, 1845
Frederick Douglass
159
Sent to Baltimore to live as a houseboy with Hugh and Sophia Auld at 8 years old.
New mistress taught him alphabet.
Self taught to read.
Frederick Douglass
160
Opening of Narrative: “I was born in Tuckahoe [Maryland]. I have no accurate knowledge of my age, never having seen any authentic record containing it. By far the larger part of the slaves know as little of their ages as horses know of theirs, and it is the wish of most masters within my knowledge to keep their slaves thus ignorant.”
Frederick Douglass
161
Escapes slavery 1838 at age 20 ... read the book after the Civil War to find out how
(kept stuff confidential until the 1870’s didn’t want to expose the underground rail road)
Frederick Douglass
162
_____ wanted to get rid of slavery immediately
Abolitionist
163
Radical Abolitionist
William Lloyd Garrison
164
The Liberator, Jan. 1, 1831
I am in earnest – will not equivocate – I will not excuse – I will not retreat in a single inch – and I will be heard.
William Lloyd Garrison
165
At public meetings, burned Constitution, “a covenant with death and an agreement with Hell.”
William Lloyd Garrison
166
Founded 5 Newspapers
| ex: North Star
Frederick Douglass
167
Civil War: _________ serves as Lincoln advisor Fights for changes to Constitution
Frederick Douglass
168
13th Amendment:
Ends slavery, 1865
169
14th Amendment:
Equal protection,1868
170
15th Amendment:
Voting rights, 1870
171
The first era of
| sensationalism
The Penny Press
172
An exaggerated emphasis on sex, violence and scandal.
Sensationalism
173
Newspapers sold “like hotcakes” filled with “spicy” ingredients. Mass volume financed through ads
“Penny Press”
174
Horatio David Sheppard
“Penny Press”
175
First Issue of Sun: Sept. 3, 1833 “Day”/“Sun” (get it?)
| 4 pages, 11 1⁄4 x 8 inches, $3/year Advertisers: 10 lines per day = $30/year
BENJAMIN DAY
176
“The object of this paper is to lay before the public, at a price within the means of every one, ALL THE NEWS OF THE DAY, and at the same time afford an advantageous medium for advertising. The sheet will be enlarged as soon as the increase of advertisements requires it– the price remaining the same.”
–Benjamin Day
First Issue of Sun: Sept. 3, 1833
177
was the first successful New York publisher of this new era
Benjamin Day
178
Benjamin Day Develops staffing patterns:
179
Benjamin Day hired _________ (English
| court reporter) to write crime stories and legal reports ... and the readers responded.
George Wisner
180
World-Class Sensationalism. Sun claims European scientists discover life on other planets, including, among other creatures, “continuous herds of brown quadrupeds”
The Moon Hoax “Celestial Discoveries,” Aug. 21, 1835
181
Sun says the exposé itself is news, and the whole story was designed to “divert public’s mind” from more serious issues, i.e. poverty, crime, etc.
Moon Hoax exposed
182
Sun outsmarts “classy” 6-cent rip-off papers, subverts competition— “mainstream” papers ___________ at the expense of “the little guy.”
lose credibility
183
Sun breaks even June 1838
(Day sells to Moses Beach $40,000)
Beach’s upgrades:
- steamships
184
The New York Herald
| Founded 1835 by
JAMES GORDON BENNETT
185
The self- proclaimed “genius”
| of the newspaper press.
JAMES GORDON BENNETT
186
Son and heir to the dynasty
| (1866) Also, an early player in yellow journalism
James Gordon Bennett, Jr.
| 1841-1918
187
Scotsman, moves to New York 1822 starts paper at “old” age, 40
Irreverent:
JAMES GORDON BENNETT
| Senior
188
```
Upper-class New Yorkers declare moral war and organize boycott of his paper.
They’re offended he includes these words (among others) in print "pants, shirts, trousers, legs"
```
JAMES GORDON BENNETT
| Senior
189
The Herald’s version of a crime of passion, an 1836 murder in New York.
“Scene of the Crime” The Murder of Helen Jewett
An ad disguised as a news story about the murder of a prostitute
190
New York Tribune Editor ____________ slams Herald for exploiting: “the timid, the gentle, the generous, and the forgiving.” Bennett lived on “defamation, slander, “beastliness,” and “lies.”
Horace Greeley
191
“Of course such conduct could not go unscourged even in New York. If he had lived further South, he would have been simply beaten to death or shot. Here he was simply horsewhipped.”
Horace Greeley
192
“the most unmitigated blockhead concerned with the newspaper press.”
Bennett’s reply to Greeley
193
Despite what Bennett said,
| __________ is one of the great figures of American journalism and of history.
Horace Greeley
194
To stay competitive with Bennett, Greeley enlisted the help of ______
Margaret Fuller
| 1810-1850
195
first American woman foreign correspondent
| Influential in helping draft language in resolutions at 1848 Seneca Falls women’s rights conference
Margaret Fuller
| 1810-1850
196
________ experimented with transcendentalism She had a close relationship with
Ralph Waldo Emerson
1840, co-editor, The Dial
quarterly literary journal of the Transcendentalists
Margaret Fuller
197
“All men are born free and equal.”
There it stands, a golden certainty, wherewith to encourage the
good, to shame the bad. The new world may be called clearly to perceive that it incurs the utmost penalty, if it rejects the sorrowful brother. –
Margaret Fuller
198
The Great Lawsuit, “Man versus Men. Woman versus Women,” The Dial, IV, July 1843
includes women vs men
Margaret Fuller
199
1844: Greeley hires Fuller as
| Tribune’s first female staff member, working title:
“literary critic”
200
1845: Greeley helps publish Fuller’s
“Women of the 19th Century,” establishes language for women’s rights and ...
201
We hold these truths to be self-evident: that all
| men and women are created equal
The Declaration of Sentiments
202
Publishes North Star 1847 Coverage of the first women’s
rights convention at Seneca Falls July 28, 1848
“Right is of no sex.”
Douglass
203
Fuller to Europe: Makes journalism a “watchdog”
| alerts Americans about human rights abroad.
“The Year of Hope”
204
1848: ________’s trip to Europe coincides with technological and social
revolutions: Increased newspaper competition from attractive overseas coverage, speedy delivery.
Fuller
205
1850: _______ husband, and young son all die while returning from Italy in boating accident off Fire Island.
Fuller
206
1840s
| Telegraph
Technological Revolution
207
- Frederick Koenig, England
| - Replaces horse-powered press
STEAM PRESS
208
“What hath God Wrought”
Samuel F.B. Morse
209
- Cost is enormous
- Congress won’t buy patent
- Individual companies compete for contracts
Associated Press
210
1) Courier and Enquirer
2) Express
3) Herald
4) Journal of Commerce
5) Sun
6) Tribune
Pooling correspondents saves $$$
New York City Associated Press, 1848
The original 6 papers
211
Alexander Jones, first general agent (In part, the inverted pyramid comes
-negotiates bulk rates
-cuts costs
-
212
1851, 2nd general agent
Daniel Craig
213
“Abler and stronger [writers] I may have met ... a cleverer, readier, more generally efficient journalist, I never saw.”
– Greeley
214
Greeley’s former assistant one-upped his mentor.
HENRY J. RAYMOND
215
Founds Times in 1851 (remember this year)
-Gave us The New York Times, the only penny paper in continuous circulation – regarded as the crowning achievement of the era.
HENRY J. RAYMOND
216
Promises in first editorial he will write without “passion”
“There are very few things in this world which it is worth while to get angry about, and they are just the things that anger will not improve.”
HENRY J. RAYMOND
217
* Correspondents in Liverpool
* Employs steamer to retrieve news from Halifax.
* News travels: Halifax
1851
| 7) Times
218
The Great Eastern
In the ocean
global communication network
1860s Trans-Atlantic Cable
219
Civil War Era
Images: _________
a primary source of media history
Photojournalism
220
World’s First Photograph: ___________
Joseph Nicéphore Niépce:
View from His Window at Le Gras, 1822
Heliograph
221
First photograph of a person.
Exposure time > 10 minutes, traffic moved too quickly.
EXCEPT for this man, who stood getting his boots polished long enough to show
“Boulevard du Temple,” Daguerre, circa 1838/39
222
Most famous photo was the picture of Lincoln.
| Lincoln said w/o that picture he wouldnt have been elected president
MATHEW BRADY
223
manipulated the dead bodies on the ground to illustrate an atristic effect
MATHEW BRADY
224
The ‘Whatsit’ Wagon
Wheeled onto the battle field
| Minimalist pics
225
“The most perfect Yankee the country has ever produced.” Harper’s Weekly
HORACE GREELEY
226
New York Tribune
| anti-slavery free-soil Whig Republican Democrat Liberal Republican
HORACE GREELEY
227
first newspapers debut was not a success bc released during a blizzard
HORACE GREELEY
228
Greeley’s first “successful” print endeavor, 1834-1841, a literary journal that in a way is a distant relative to another
The New-Yorker
229
The Firm
Seward as Governor, later as Senator, also Harrison, Taylor, and ... Lincoln? The Firm of Seward, Weed, and Greeley
WHIGS
230
“Tippecanoe and Tyler, Too”
HORACE GREELEY
231
At peak: More than 80,000 in weekly circulation
The Log Cabin
232
First Issue: April 10, 1841
| “On that leaden, funereal morning, the most inhospitable of the year ... ”
New York Tribune
233
* $2/year or $1/year in clubs (20 or more)
* Read “next to the Bible” in the Midwest
* Raises Daily Tribune price to 2 cents
1842: New York Weekly Tribune
234
Working Class Hero.
-5 points area (the slums)
used newspaper to bring light to it
HORACE GREELEY
235
Tribune column by ______________ advocates Fourierism
Albert Brisbane
236
```
Charles Fourier Philosophy
How to make the world a better place
Harmoniace community
if you have a job and do it well the
community will run smoothly.
If we all just get along the world will be paradise
“Pink Lemonade”
```
Fourierism
237
-“American Progress”
-idea of “Go West”
-the lady is leading settlers west with telephone in her hand
also on the left of pic they are moving the indians out
(Manifest Destiny)
238
Slavery existed wherever humans worked “on a footing of one-sided and not of mutual obligation.”
= class NOT race
(closer to Marxism
than anti-slavery/abolition)
HORACE GREELEY
239
During the 1840s, his primary source of income is as the
| managing editor of the Courier and Enquirer (conservative)
HENRY J. RAYMOND
240
____________ wanted “just the facts” when reporting
| Worked for James W Webb
HENRY J. RAYMOND
241
“Heavens! Here we have one of the leading Whig presses of New York advocating the doctrine that no man can rightfully own land!” “Conservative powers preserve us!”
HENRY J. RAYMOND
242
Wigs final president.
| Also died in office (poor wigs)
Whig #2 elected Zachary Taylor
243
The Times catches the eyes of Seward and Weed after Raymond promises in first editorial he will
write without “passion”
HENRY J. RAYMOND
244
HENRY J. RAYMOND
245
The New York Times led the fight, along with cartoonist THOMAS NAST of Harper’s Weekly
The fight against Boss Tweed
246
_______ is the most famous cartoonist ever
Thomas Nast
247
One of Nast’s most famous cartoons. _________ fled NYC in 1873
but was returned. He died in a NY prison in 1878.
William Marcy Tweed
248
wins an unprecedented SEVEN
Pulitzers
but loses top writers and the editors who helped get them there.
NYTimes
249
Bill Keller editor in chief 2003-2011
Jill Abramson 2011-2014
Dean Baquet 2014-???
NYTimes
250
```
“The Civil War” “The Great Rebellion”
“The Second American Revolution”
“The War Between the States”
“The War of Northern Aggression”
“John Brown’s War”
```
Revolution Redux
251
- Seen as one of the main reasons for the civil war.
- exposed people to the evils of slavery
- Mass reproduced
Uncle Tom’s Cabin, 1851
252
“So you are the little woman who wrote the book that started this great war!”
Abraham Lincoln to Harriet Beecher Stowe, 1862:
253
Whig Collapse: 1852
| let to
1856 Third Party System
| Republicans vs. Democrat
254
Like a celebrity that supported the West
John C. Fremont
255
Hired by the government to go and explore the west.
John C. Fremont
256
The first guy to replace the Wigs
John C. Fremont
257
First Republican Presidential Candidate, “The Pathfinder of the West”
• Support from free-soilers and anti-slavery advocates • Opposition from nativist and in the South
• Press coverage resembles another famous American
John C. Fremont
258
The Impending Crisis =
| Popular Sovereignty + slavery
WAR!
259
“A Martyr on the Altar of American Liberty”
Elijah Parish Lovejoy
260
Editor of the Alton Observer
| killed for being an abolitionist
Elijah Parish Lovejoy
261
Abolitionist extremest
| “if its the last thing i do its end slavery”
John Brown
262
consecrates” himself, 1837. Final Statement: “I, John Brown, am now quite certain that the crimes of this guilty land will never be purged away but with blood.”
John Brown
263
-sent his followers to kill 5 settlers who owned slaves
became a martyr.
-invade Hapers ferri
cuts telephone lines
John Brown
264
After Brown’s execution: “I could live for the slave, but he could die for him.”
Fredrick Douglas
265
THE PRESS DURING THE CIVIL WAR
* No war so thoroughly covered by eyewitnesses
* Newspapers turned over almost all editorial space to war coverage.
* Technology aided the reporting.
266
Both of these journalistic conventions came into regular use during the Civil War
The Inverted Pyramid & the Byline
267
“War is Hell.”
| “If I could have caught Mr. Greeley during the war, I would have hung him.”
William T. Sherman
268
Probably the most vilified of all American presidents.
Lincoln
269
Aug. 20, 1862
• Greeley urges Lincoln to free the slaves from rebel masters.
• Lincoln already decided on Emancipation Proclamation.
• His response: first task is to preserve Union.
“The Prayer of Twenty Millions”
270
over 23,000 casualties (worse than 9/11)
Civil War
271
-Emancipation Proclamation pushes the Second American Revolution
________ redefining what it means to be an american
ALL men are created equal
Lincoln
272
13th Amendment: Ends slavery, 1865
14th Amendment: Equal protection, 1868
15th Amendment: Voting rights, 1870
Reconstruction Amendments
273
Both Democrats and the Liberal
Republicans, a third party, endorse _______ for president. Although initially flattered, he later regretted the honor, stating he
“scarcely knew whether he was running for the presidency or the penitentiary.”
Greeley
274
_______ dies shortly after election Nov. 29, 1872
| “The man who died of a broken heart.” – Henry Ward Beecher
Greeley
275
Even if you aren’t reading Fear and Loathing for your writing assignment, you should still know at least a little bit about the stories this man wrote.
He popularized the “Rags to Riches” myth, typified, you might say, by the life of Greeley and others from this era.
We’re about to meet someone who redefined
The American Dream . . .
Horatio Alger
276
“If you work hard you will be successful “
Horatio Alger
277
A Red Record
| by
Ida B. Wells (1894)
278
tanton & Anthony: National Woman Suffrage Association
(NWSA)
279
Douglass breaks with
Stanton and Anthony over
NWSA’s position.
“Right is of no sex.”
280
As a publisher and journalist, she did this and more:
-suffrage reformer
fights segregation anti-lynching advocate.
Black woman who fought injustice
Ida B. Wells (1862-1931)
281
“One had better die fighting against injustice than die like a dog or a rat in a trap.”
Ida B. Wells
282
```
“separate but equal”
Supreme Court legalizes segregation.
-Ida B Wells fought for this
-idea was preserve order
in the end it didn’t work out like that
```
Plessy v. Ferguson 1892
283
_____ was a Black woman that was a slave was able to go to college
Ida B. Wells
284
Sits in “Ladies Car” of train forced off by white conductor
| sues Chesapeake & Ohio Railroad wins court decision in December
Ida B. Wells
285
Free Speech, black newspaper
Three-part ownership:
Taylor Nightingale, Baptist minister J.L. Fleming, journalist
Ida B. Wells
286
Writes controversial article on Memphis schools, loses teaching job.
Ida B. Wells
287
```
Embarks on investigation into lynching
Initial findings:
728 black men and women lynched by white mobs in Tennessee
and surrounding areas
2:3 = small offenses
drunkenness shoplifting
```
Ida B. Wells
288
March 1892
Article by Wells condemns murder of three African-American businessmen
Mob destroys printing press, intends to lynch Wells
Heads to Philly
289
Life threatened moves to NYC
New York Age
partnership weekly column
Ida B. Wells
290
1893: Tours Europe Lectures on lynching
Returns to U.S. – publishes pamphlet with Ferdinand Lee Barnett & Frederick Douglass
The Reason Why the Colored American Is Not in the World's Columbian Exposition
Ida B. Wells
291
A Red Record
Tabulated Statistics and Alleged causes of Lynching in the United States
(a compilation of lynching facts, accounts of horrific lynchings)
Ida B. Wells
292
1909 “Committee of 40” Helps found
NAACP
| National Association for the Advancement of Colored People
293
The right of citizens of the United States to vote shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or by any State on account of sex.
19th Amendment, 1920
294
```
1928
Writes autobiography Crusade for Justice
1930
At age 69,
runs for Illinois state legislature
Loses race, but sets important example
```
Ida B. Wells
295
Who won the Civil War?
According to Shelby Foote, a major writer/historian, it was a gang. And they define Muckraking.
296
____ are a group (gang) of industrialist
JP Morgan (monopoly guy)
Andrew Carnegie (steel)
rags to riches started out as an orphan
William Vanderbilt (anderson coopers ggpa)
the richest man in america
Philip Armour (Meat packing and refrigerated cars)
John D Rockerfeller (standard oil)
He was a major target Tarbell, Sinclair and others. Still does!
THE ROBBER
| BARONS
297
Jacob Riis was more-or-less retired as a journalist by 1900. But he was an inspiration for the
Muckrakers
298
The major muckraking magazines included these publications, along with
Everybody’s, Hampton’s, and Collier’s
299
target audience was women.
| included subjects like birth control, feminine hygiene, etc.
William Edward Bok
300
Theodore Roosevelt was the chief of police of the city. ______ and Roosevelt for a partnership.
Jacob Riis (photographer)
301
```
• Born in Denmark
• Arrives in NY, homeless, unemployed
• Begins journalism
w/ Tribune & Sun
• Assignment: Mulberry Bend
```
Jacob Riis
302
Portrait of _______ by Riis
| Riis turned to photography because he didn’t think he was ‘good enough’ as a writer.
Roosevelt
303
Riis famous approach- ___________
capturing subject in its most natural environment.
original paparazzi
“Flash and Dash”
304
```
photojournalism
• How the Other Half Lives
• The Children
of the Tenements
• The Battle
with the Slum
• The Making
of an American
```
Jacob Riis
305
He introduced millions of readers to the world of organized crime.
Josiah Flynt
306
```
He wrote for The Century and McClure’s
and he also published these books:
• Tramping with Tramps • The World of Graft
• True Stories of the Underworld
• My Life
```
Josiah Flynt
307
```
He loosened up the language
“The Gun”
“joints” “squeal”
“fink” “speakeasy”
“pinch” “mugged grafter” “unmugged grafter”
“The Mob”
```
Josiah Flynt
308
He was publisher of the leading muckraking magazine
S.S. McClure
309
_________ where the first form of socialist.
they were trying to put things back into order
redistribute wealth so 1% wouldn’t control 99%
Muddrackers
310
Their goal was to expose evil.
| pic- is mudusa’s head to sybolize something so evil that you cant even look at it.
McClure's Mag (Muddrackers)
311
________ begins project on the corruption in American cities.
“Political corruption is a process."
Steffens
312
“Political corruption is a process. It is not a temporary evil, not an accidental wickedness, not the passing symptom of the youth of a people. If this process goes on, then this American republic of ours will be a government that represents the organized evils of a privileged class.”
Lincoln Steffens
313
The Shame of the Cities
| 1904 (Minneapolis)
Lincoln Steffens
314
At the end
of his life, he thought he had failed . . .
disillusioned
Lincoln Steffens
315
He was the most
radical of the
Muckrakers and a writer of fiction
UPTON SINCLAIR
316
He wanted to write about the inequities of modern life ... of
“wage slavery"
-saw slavery as an economic issue not a racial issue
UPTON SINCLAIR
317
Although it was fiction _______ turned reporter to write about what he saw in the meatpacking plant.
It wasn’t pretty.
“I aimed for the public’s heart, and by accident I hit it in the stomach.”
UPTON SINCLAIR
318
He said he saw more people die from food from Chicago than in the cuban war
UPTON SINCLAIR & Theodore Roosevelt
319
Lieutenant Col.
Theodore Roosevelt
(center) led his Rough Riders up San Juan Hill
The Spanish- American War
320
Congress Passes PURE FOOD AND DRUG ACT
| 1906 after
UPTON SINCLAIR's "Welcome to PACKINGTOWN"
321
He had a long career in newspapers, then became a celebrated
novelist with “The Great God
Success.” He returned to journalism with an assignment that other reporters turned down for being
“too hot.”
DA VID GRAHAM PHILLIPS
322
“DEPEW’S JOVIALITY AND POPULARITY, ACCORDING TO ________, HAVE COST THE
AMERICAN PEOPLE AT LEAST ONE BILLION
DOLLARS.” March 1906
DA VID GRAHAM PHILLIPS
323
• Exposure of meat-packing industry and patent-medicine business
What Muckraking Did
324
“The Second Wave of Sensationalism”
YELLOW JOURNALISM
325
Yellow Journalism =
Style over substance
326
______ believed in writing in style (oby 1)
| ______- the bad guy (darth vader)
Pulitzer, Hearst
327
We honor the best of professional journalism with the _______
PULITZER Prize
328
The best of collegiate journalism with the _______
HEARST Award
329
• Born in Austria
• Starts from scratch in America, 1864
• Journalist and politician
Populist: “Give them what they want”
JOSEPH
| PULITZER
330
Established the St. Louis Dispatch as one of the first modern newspapers. When he took his ideas to the New York World, he played a part in changing history
JOSEPH
| PULITZER
331
Pulitzer’s Formula for Success
* Crusades and Stunts
* Illustrations
* Self- Promotion
332
_______ injects COLOR
| Most famous stunts was the “New York world”
JOSEPH PULITZER
333
Once the most famous woman in the world. (New York World)
| Faked insanity so she could get into a insane asylum so she could get a story.
NELLIE BLY
| Real name: ELIZABETH COCHRANE
334
Creator of the Yellow Kid in “Hogan’s Alley”
| Pulitzer’s, World, 1895.
R.F. OUTCAULT
335
Made his illustrations about fun and games not for people to forget about life but for them to remember that it is enjoyable.
Pulitzer and R.F. Outcault
336
_______ was the most popular character.
| -Symbol for a sensational style.
The yellow kid
337
Who controls national policy
( Pulitzer vs Hearts)
338
Born in San Francisco, he grew up with privilege as the son of a miner who struck it rich.
-Riches to rags
WILLIAM RANDOLPH HEARST
339
If you want to have influence in politics you got to control the media
WILLIAM RANDOLPH HEARST
340
NEW YORK JOURNAL
Hearst
341
NEW YORK WORLD
Pulitzer
342
Who takes the Yellow kid in the end?
Hearst take the Yellow kid from Pulitzer
343
To HEARST, Journal, New York:
Everything is quiet. There is no
trouble. Wish to return.
REMINGTON
344
Please remain. You furnish the pictures and I’ll furnish the war.
Hearts Reply to Remington
345
“REMEMBER THE MAINE!!!”
The Maine sinks in Havana harbor
346
Yellow Journalism + Muckraking =
helped ratify the 16th amendment - income tax
| - did it so the immigrants would vote for hearst
347
The Congress shall have power to lay and collect taxes on incomes, from whatever source derived, without apportionment among the several States, and without regard to any census or enumeration.
16th Amendment, 1913
348
______-set the model for modern media
dynasties. was the first to put forth chain of Newspaper ownership
- Go national
Hearst
349
```
She made her name with her “quickie” biographies.
She is (reluctantly) tied to the pr industry
```
IDA TARBELL
350
Reconstruction/Industrialism
Her father was forced out of business by Rockefeller: “They had never played fair, and that ruined their greatness for me.”
IDA TARBELL
351
Tarbell’s target was
| _______ and the Standard Oil Company.
JOHN D.
| ROCKEFELLER
352
History of the
Standard Oil Company
was the most thoroughly researched piece of work of the muckraking era.
IDA TARBELL
353
“Tears are not a part of the journalistic capital. An editor ... has no leisure for ‘feelings’ ... When a woman enters journalism she must not put forward her femininity to such an extent as to demand that the habits of an office be changed on her account.”
IDA TARBELL
354
```
_________ buy
American Magazine
Until 1915, she writes:
biographies of businessmen &
famous series of articles about the tariff
```
Tarbell & Steffens
355
“The father of pr”
Ivy Ledbetter Lee
356
Parker and Lee
(1905)
Forms partnership with
George Parker (Democratic campaign manager) Clients include:
Rockefeller Pennsylvania Railroad
| Assistant to Red Cross during World War I
357
“This is not a secret press bureau. All our work is done in the open. We aim to supply news. ... Our matter is accurate. ... In brief, our plan is, frankly
and openly, on behalf of the business concerns
and public institutions, to supply the press and public of the United States prompt and accurate information concerning subjects which it is of value and interest to the public to know about.”
NOTE: Remember this when we get to Citizen Kane!
Declaration of
| Principles, 1906:
358
Colorado coal miners strike Rockefeller family owns mines
+20 killed including women and children
Standard Oil has been trust busted, but it needs something more than just a press agent—it needs to change.
Ludlow Massacre April 20, 1914
359
_____ legacy tarnished by problematic clients:
• promotes recognition of USSR
• agent for Rockefeller to Hitler
Lee’s
360
________ has been described
as “the father of spin,” based on Propaganda and another central idea:
“The essence of democratic society” is the “engineering of consent” (Bernays, The Engineering of Consent, 1947)
Bernays
