Midterm Flashcards
(167 cards)
0
Q
Uses numbers
A
Quantitative data
1
Q
A prediction
A
Inference
2
Q
Uses words
A
Qualitative data
3
Q
What changes as a result of the change in the independent variable
A
Dependent variable
4
Q
Changed by the experiment in the design of the experiment
A
Independent variable
5
Q
What can the independent variable be called
A
Manipulated variable
6
Q
What can the dependent variable be called?
A
Responding variable
7
Q
Variables that you think may change the outcome of the experiment, since they are not being studied however they need to be kept constant in each trial
A
Controlled variables
8
Q
A set of organisms or samples that do not receive the treatment ( the independent variable) that is being tested. Used for comparison to see if independent variable cause a change
A
Control group
9
Q
Scientifically testable prediction
A
Hypothesis
10
Q
The independent variable will not affect the dependent variable
A
Null hypothesis
11
Q
The independent variable will affect the dependent variable
A
Alternate hypothesis
12
Q
Used for holding, or mixing solutions, good for carrying solutions from the supply table to your lab station
A
Beaker
13
Q
Measuring 5 ml of water
A
Graduated cylinder
14
Q
Mixing solutions
A
Erlenmayer flask
15
Q
Categories for independent variable
A
Bar graph
16
Q
When the independent variable is continuous and quantitative
A
Line graph
17
Q
When finding correlations
A
Scatter plot
18
Q
Pie graph
A
Percentages
19
Q
What is the difference between a null and alternate hypothesis?
A
Null will not affect the dependent variable and alternate will affect the dependent variable
20
Q
The variety of life across the biosphere
A
Biodiversity
21
Q
Where is biodiversity the greatest?
A
Warmer areas such as the equator
22
Q
A group of organisms that can interbreed and have fertile offspring
A
Species
23
Q
Get energy from the sunlight
A
Autotrophs
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Eating or absorbing food
Heterotrophs
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Chemical reactions that build up or breakdown molecules
Metabolism
26
To store energy in cells or release energy to power cells
Purpose of metabolism
27
What is a unicellular life
One cell carries out all life functions
28
Organism is made of many cells which are specialized for their function
Multicellular life
29
Group of the same species that lives in one area
Population
30
A group of different species that live together in one area
Community
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Includes all of the organisms as well as the climate, soil, water, rocks and other non living things in a given area
Ecosystem
32
A major regional or global community of organisms. Usually characterized by the climate conditions and plant communities that thrive there
Biome
33
Nonliving things in an ecosystem, soil,temperature, sunlight
Abiotic factors
34
Diagram that shows feeding relationships shows flow of energy in a community
Food web
35
Energy and mass can't be created or destroyed only converted
1st law of energy
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With each conversion some useable energy is lost
2nd law of energy
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Feeding levels
Trophic levels
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Get energy from sun, plants, algae, aka autotrophs
Producers
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Gets energy from eating producers, butterflies, field mice, deer, caterpillars, aka heterotrophs, herbivore
Primary consumers
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Eat primary consumers, carnivores
Secondary consumers
41
Give an example of an organism that is on more then one Trophic level
Shrimp, seagull
42
What are some abiotic factors?
Soil, water, clouds, air, temperature, humidity
43
Example of a heterotroph
Bear
44
Give an example of an autotroph
Tree
45
List 3 examples of Trophic levels
Producers, tertiary primary consumers, secondary consumers
46
Species in danger of extinction in the future or soon
Endangered species
47
A species that has a large impact on a food web, beavers can be these
Keystone species
48
The effects of a toxin increases as it moves up the food chain. Each level of the food chain much eat more due to energy loss. Toxins accumulate if they remain in body tissues
Biomagnification
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Primary consumer
Herbivore
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Secondary consumer
Carnivore
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Smallest unit of matter, builds from 3 particles protons
Atom
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In the center (nucleus) of an atom, weighs one atomic mass , has positive charge
Proton
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Orbits an atoms nucleus, has no measurable mass, negative charge, organized in energy levels, stays with the atom due to the positive charge of protons
Electrons
54
Located in the nucleus, mass- 1 atomic mass unit, no charge, neutral
Neutron
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Number of protons in a nucleus, helps determine # of electrons
Atomic number
56
Number if protons plus number of neutrons, the total mass of a particular element
Atomic mass
57
What parts of an atom determine mass?
Protons and neutrons
58
What parts of an atoms have a charge
Protons and electrons
59
What part of an atom has potential energy?
Electrons
60
Energy levels of electrons can be diagrammed with the ______. Can help predict how reactive a molecule is
Bohr model of an atom
61
Each level will hold a specific number of electrons
Energy levels
62
What is the first energy level?
Closest to the nucleus, holds up to 2 electrons
63
What is the second energy level?
Holds up to 8 electrons
64
What Is the third energy level?
Also holds 8 electrons
65
The center of an atom
Nucleus
66
The ability to survive and reproduce
Fitness
67
What can natural selection increase?
The fitness of a population
68
Good for holding small reactions
Test tube
69
Made up of only one type if atom. A particular type of atom
Element
70
A substance made of atoms of different elements bonded together in a certain ratio
Compound
71
An attraction between a slightly positive and negative atom
Hydrogen bond
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The attraction among molecules of a substance
Cohesion
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Attraction among molecules of different substances
Adhesion
74
Hydrogen bonds give water an abnormally high specific heat regulates temps inviting things
High specific heat
75
A substance that dissolves in a solvent
Solute
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A substance that is present in the greater amount and that dissolves another substance
Solvent
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These rarely dissolve. Ex. Fats and oils. Don't have a charge at all neutral
Nonpolar substances
78
Is a compound that releases a proton- a hydrogen ion- when it dissolves in water.
Acid
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Compounds that remove H+ ions from a solution
Base
80
A mixture of substances that is the same thought it is a homologous mixture
Solution
81
Break down decaying material and return the nutrients to the soil
Decomposers
82
Any living thing
Organism
83
The organic molecule that carries inherited information and instructions for traits
DNA
84
A section of DNA that codes for a specific trait, many of these in one molecule
Gene
85
The genes present in all of the individuals in a population
Gene pool
86
Allows a population to adapt to change
Diverse gene pool
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A characteristic which allows an organism to survive in a specific environment
Adaptation
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When there is a change in a gene pool
Evolution
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Causes a population that is better adapted to it's environment
Natural selection
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When organisms move to a new population
Gene flow
91
Occurs when members of different populations can no longer mate
Reproductive isolation
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The rise of two or more species from one existing species
Speciation
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Isolation causes by differences in courtship or mating behaviors
Behavioral isolation( barrier)
94
Involves physical barriers that divide a population into 2 or more groups. Rivers, mountains, dried lake beds
Geographic isolation
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Exists when timing prevents reproduction between populations
Temporal isolation
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Structures that perform a similar function
Analogous structure
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Features that are similar in structure but appear in different organisms
Homologous structures
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Remnants of organs or structures that had a function in an early ancestor
Vestigial structure
99
Example of a vestigial structure
Appendix, wisdom teeth
100
What is the smallest unit of life?
Cell
101
What is the difference between a prokaryotic and a eukaryotic cell?
Prokaryotes are always together and eukaryotes have different compartments
102
What types of cells are animal cells
Eukaryotic
103
Chromosomes wind up, Nucleus dissolves, what is this and what else happens?
Propose, fibers form and attach to chromosomes at the centromeres to control the movement of the chromosomes
104
What does interphase consist of?
G1, Synthesis, G2
105
The fibers move the chromosomes around until they are lined up at the center of the cell
Metaphase(line up)
106
The chromosomes pull apart, one copy of each chromosome(chromatid) goes to each end of the cell
Anaphase
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The cytoplasm pinches in half making 2 new cells
Cytokinesis
108
Cytokinesis occurs, new nuclear membranes form around the chromosomes, the fibers disassemble, cells tweeter the G1 phase
Telophase(divide)
109
The cell will make a copy of it's nuclear DNA
Synthesis
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Cells will continue to carry out their normal function
Gap 2
111
What is mitosis made up of?
Prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase
112
The ends of DNA molecules form structures
Telomere
113
What are held together in centromeres
Sister chromatids
114
The loose combination of DNA and proteins
Chromatin
115
What happens in G1
A cell carries out it's normal functions
116
One long continuous thread of DNA the consists of numerous genes along
Chromosome
117
What do checkpoints do
Makes sure that a damaged cell does not divide
118
Make up most of our body tissue and organs. They are what type of cell?
Somatic cells(body cells) diploid
119
Our body cells are what?
Diploid cells
120
Choose the mate based on some characteristic
No random mating
121
A big idea supported by a lot of evidence
Theory
122
One chain of consumers
Food chain
123
Something that eats heterotrophs
Consumer
124
One half of a replicated chromosome
Chromatid
125
Signals from other cells that tell a cell to divide
Growth factors
126
Rush factors. Can be genetic or environmental. Uncontrolled cell division
Cancer
127
Only represents the valence electrons
Lewis dot structure
128
Go in to a chemical reaction
Reactants
129
The outcome of a reaction
Product
130
0-7 is acidic and 7-14 is basic
pH scale
131
Easily dissolved and has a charge
Polar
132
Outer most electrons in the outer most energy level
Valence electrons
133
Break and make bonds between atoms
Chemical reactions
134
Removes a chromosomal segment
Deletion
135
Repeats a segment
Duplication
136
Reverses a segment within a chromosome
Inversion
137
Moves a segment from one chromosome to another
Translocation
138
Any mutation that affects a big part of the chromosome
Chromosomal mutation
139
Chromosomes pair up and pull apart
Meiosis 1
140
Chromosomes don't come apart correctly
Nondisjunction
141
They have all of there chromosomes
Diploid cells
142
Sex cells have half of all the chromosome pairs
Haploid cells
143
Picture of chromosomes, can be used to find out the gender of a person and also to diagnose some genetic disorders
Karyotype
144
Sex cells
Gametes
145
Carry the same genes but might be different forms of the genes
Homologous chromosomes
146
Can occur when homologous chromosomes swap pieces
Crossing over
147
Chromosomes can be assorted in many ways
Independent assortment
148
The 2 things that are sources of genetic diversity
Crossing over and independent assortment
149
You need two of these to be a female
X chromosome
150
You need this to be a male
X and Y chromosome
151
Organisms in which Taxons are closely related
Genus
152
Name 3 domains used to classify life
Bacteria, archea, eukarya
153
The science of naming and classifying organisms
Taxonomy
154
System for naming and classifying organisms
Carolus Linnaeus
155
A group of organisms in a classification system
Taxons
156
What are the levels of classification
```
Domain
Kingdom
Phylum
Order
Family
Genus
Species
```
157
Tool used to identify organisms
Dichotomous key
158
Broadest category of classification
Domain
159
Some event causes a population to get small, causing a lower gene diversity
Bottle neck effect
160
Growth that occurs when a population has all availed resources
Exponential growth
161
The size of a population that an environment can support
Carrying capacity
162
Both species benefit
Mutualism
163
One species nourishes itself but the other is harmed
Parasitism
164
One species obtains good or shelter from the other species. Does not harm or help the other species
Commensalism
165
Living things in an ecosystem, food chains, organisms, populations, etc
Biotic factors
166
Chromatids pull apart and become gametes
Meiosis 2
