Midterm

Question 1

period

Answer 1

time to complete one cycle

Question 2

frequency

Answer 2

cycles per second (Hz.); inverse of period (smaller the time, higher the frequency)

Question 3

frequency=

Answer 3

1/period (time)

Question 4

human hearing threshold

Answer 4

20–20K Hz

Question 5

pure tone propagation

Answer 5

compression and rarefaction periods

Question 6

complex tone

Answer 6

2 or more pure tones of different frequencies, added in different ways

Question 7

Fourier Analysis

Answer 7

decomposing waveform into sinusoidal components

Question 8

time vs. amplitude plot; spectrum; spectrograph

Answer 8

time X, amp. Y (waveform); freq. X, amp. Y (glottal source); time X, freq. Y, amp. contrast

Question 9

Sawtooth wave analysis

Answer 9

period waveform can only contain sines which are harmonically related to repetition frequency of original signal. Lowest freq. has to be period of original signal

Question 10

harmonics

Answer 10

integer multiple tones of fundamental frequency: decrease in amplitude and increase in frequency

Question 11

aperiod sound

Answer 11

random, no pattern; broad range of frequencies; also transient signals

Question 12

resonance

Answer 12

frequency at which system vibrates most efficiently if set into motion by external force (res. freq. = natural freq. of a system)

Question 13

examples of acoustic resonators

Answer 13

ported loudspeaker, string and wind instruments

Question 14

things about decibels

Answer 14

base of 10 (log), use exponents to note (=bels); 2 60 dB sounds can’t be simply added together (between 0-66)

Question 15

pressure measured in? (decibels)

Answer 15

micropascals; 20 mPa approximate threshold of hearing at 1K Hz.

Question 16

best frequencies for human hearing

Answer 16

1-4K Hz

Question 17

phon

Answer 17

equally loud contour compared to a dB SPL at 1K Hz

Question 18

pitch measured in?

Answer 18

mels; 1000 mels = 1000 Hz.

Question 19

Boyle’s Law

Answer 19

pressure + volume inversely related; increase in volume=decrease in pressure

Question 20

expiration relies on:

Answer 20

torque of cartilage, gravity, elastic recoil

Question 21

speech breathing

Answer 21

inspiratory muscles involved during expiration

Question 22

myoelastic aerodynamic theory of phonation

Answer 22

elastic properties of VF and onset of vibration with air pressure from lungs; muscle activity (interarytenoids and lateral CA), sublottobal pressure buildup, muscle force, VF open bottom-top, air velocity increases through constriction, VF pressure decreases (Bernoulli), VF close bottom-top

Question 23

Bernoulli effect

Answer 23

as air particle velocity increases, pressure exerted perpendicular to flow of particles decreases (ex: draft in corridor, leaves behind car)

Question 24

intensity of vibration of VF falls at rate of?

Answer 24

12 dB per octave (frequency higher, intensity lower)

Question 25

f0 (rate of vibration of VF) depends on:

Answer 25

tension, elasticity, mass

Question 26

things about amplitude

Answer 26

increase muscle activity to increase resistance to air flow; increased amplitude without adjustment of muscle activity = higher f0

Question 27

VF layers

Answer 27

epithelium, superficial l.p., intermediate, deep, vocalis

Question 28

(cover-body theory) low pitch and amplitude=

Answer 28

weak contractions of CT + vocalis, slack body and cover

Question 29

mid pitch and high amplitude=

Answer 29

weak CT, strong vocalis, slack cover, stiff body

Question 30

jitter and shimmer

Answer 30

perturbation of frequency and amplitude (jitter values high at low amplitudes)

Question 31

electroglottography

Answer 31

human tissue conducts electricity better than air, so pass weak current through each side of thyroid. Resistance to flow of current and resulting waveform (Lx) is direct measure of surface contact area of VF

Question 32

Lx (glottal sound source) similar to sawtooth waveform

Answer 32

abrupt closure and less abrupt opening

Question 33

formants and f0 vs. f1

Answer 33

resonant frequency of the vocal tract; F1= lowest resonant freq. (length of VT); f0=frequency at which VF vibrate

Question 34

source filter theory

Answer 34

filter modifies source's vibration by increasing energy at resonant frequencies (dependent on size, shape, degree of constriction)

Question 35

F1 and F2 of front and back vowels

Answer 35

front vowels have wide F1 and F2 (and close F2 and F3), and back vowels have close F1 and F2 (and far F2 and F3)

Question 36

vowel acoustic characteristics

Answer 36

frequency, duration, amplitude

Question 37

vowel space

Answer 37

2-D or 3-d chart that plots F1 and F2 qualities of vowels, which relate to tongue height and advancement (if F1 on X and F2 on Y, then from top left clockwise we have i, ae, a, u)

Question 38

ALS vowel space

Answer 38

collapsed vowel space; restricted tongue movement that probably wouldn't reach the extreme edges of the vocal tract

Question 39

Peterson and Barney vowel space

Answer 39

F1 going up, F2 going down

Question 40

fragile X syndrom vowel space

Answer 40

imprecise, lots of variability

Question 41

does increased pitch change the envelope of the spectrum (formants)?

Answer 41

no; filter has not changed

Question 42

four aspects of vowel duration

Answer 42

phonological duration, postvocalic consonant effect, phrasal position, stress/emphasis (vowel duration can give you info. on vowel and next consonant)

Question 43

tense vowel longer than lax vowels as long as

Answer 43

phrasal position, stress, postvocalic consonant, vowel height equal

Question 44

acoustic definition of vowel

Answer 44

well-defined resonant frequencies that depend on the constriction (NOT physiology of vowel); openness of vowel tract leads to well defined resonant freq. (formants), which depend on the articulator constrictions; sound source is vibrating VF

Question 45

octave

Answer 45

doubling of frequency

Question 46

if amplitude is higher, then the spectral tilt

Answer 46

is less sharp, with more high frequency energy (only -6 dB per octave instead of -12)

Question 47

nasal vowels

Answer 47

increase in formant bandwidth; decrease in overall energy; introduction of low-freq. res. freq. (nasal cavity); slight increase in F1 and decrease in F2 and F3

Question 48

most open consonants are the

Answer 48

glides

Question 49

diphthongs defined by

Answer 49

movement (not by single formant structure); dynamic sounds in which articulatory shape of VT changes slowly over course of production; described by onglide (starting formant value) + offglide

Question 50

what happens to F2 after a laryngectomy?

Answer 50

it gets higher, maybe b/c vowels articulated with fronted and higher tongue positions relative to normal

Question 51

consonant characteristics

Answer 51

more constriction in VT (= less intense, lower amp. sounds); period, aperiodic, or both

Question 52

artic. continuum for stops-glides-diphthongs

Answer 52

stop (fast and total constriction); diphthong (slow and open VT); glide in between (main difference in openness and how dynamic; closed VT has less amplitude and high mouth pressure--high freq. filtered out?)

Question 53

tongue up high =?

Answer 53

F2 up high

Question 54

/r/ distinguishable by

Answer 54

large downward F3 transition

Question 55

/j/ distinguishable by

Answer 55

sharply upward sloping F2 transition (high tongue position)

Question 56

/l/ distinguishable by

Answer 56

slight downward F2 transition but no slope for F3 or F4 and side-branch in tube model (=anti-resonance as energy is lost into side branch; sudden dip in spectrum)

Question 57

liquids and glides (characteristics)

Answer 57

well defined formants; dynamic (not one configuration of articulators); more constricted than vowels

Question 58

perturbation if you have a cold?

Answer 58

mucous on one or both VF will increase density and lower frequency/irregular vibration; swelling of larynx also a factor