Midterm Flashcards
(41 cards)
Humanism
intellectual movement in Europe that began in the late middle ages, value of and power of humanity. Critical thinking rationalism over faith.
Diet of Worms
A assembly held in worms germany. Addressed Martin Luther and the effects of the protestant reformation. He was condemned and authorized for arrest for being a threat to the catholic church.
‘Cuis regio, eius religio’
Whose realm, his religion. A phrase that meant that the ruler of the region is the what decides the religion of his region. This principle was agreed upon at the peace of augsburg after armed conflict between roman catholic/protestants.
Constitutional Monarchy
A limited monarchy where the powers of the monarch are limited by a constitution. This form of government started after the French revolution but quickly spread to other europe powers shortly after.
Absolutism
A monarchial form of government where the monarch hold complete power and control and full say of everything. Absolutism was mainly prevelant in 17th century europe, was given rise to by King Louis the Sun King of france. Issues moved away from religion to balance of power.
Louis XIV of France
Is the ultimate model of absolutism in Europe. He rose to power in the 1640s. Brought france to being biggest power in europe, big army, controlled beurocracy. Inspirational to other powers in europe to follow a simlar model of government to achieve a power empire.
Isaac Newton
Intellectual and mathmatecian at the forefron of the scientic revolutioin. Major contributions to mathmateics and physics. Universe runs according to certain laws.
Scientific Revolution
A period in Europe that brought science and intellectual persuits to the forefront. Major contributions, innovations and transformations of math, science, physics and chemistry. European thinkers began to look beyond the metaphysical (why to the physical (how).
Enlightenment
The enlightenment was birthed from the scientific revolution. It was an era in Europe in the 17th and 18th century that focused on reason, and intellectual thought, and rationalism. Influential in the revolutionary movements in Europe starting with the French revolution.
On Toleration (Voltaire)
Voltaire was an enlightenment thinker and satirist. He used enlightenment ideas to call for toleration of all religions. He defended free thinking for religion and that an enlightened monarch should protect people’s rights.
Encyclopedie
First encyclopedia ever made published in france in the 18th century. Emphasis on free thinking and knowledge to all in the enlightenment can be represented through the enclopedia. Many thinkers and philosophers of the day contributed to the encylopedie.
Enlightened Despot
enlightened despotism, 18th century, absolute monarchs pursued legal, social, and economic reform. These reforms however did not undermine their power or change the social order
Social Contract
The idea that one sacrifices some individual freedom for the protection of their rights from the state. These theories were widely popular during the enlightenment . Enlightenment thinkers such as Jean Rousseau John locke explored these ideas when questioning the origin of government.
Frederick II the Great
Prussia’s king in the 18th century during the era of enlightened absolutism in Europe. He established Prussia as a major military power in Europe. Reforms included religious toleration, basic freedom of the press.
Table of Ranks
Under the rule of Peter the Great in Russia, due to superstition and distrust of the boyars/high class he came up with a table of ranks. This table of ranks included the government, royal court, and military. Everyone starts at the bottom and works their way up to get more power/freedom.
War of Spanish Succession
Major European conflict following the death of Charles the II, king of Spain. The proclaimed ruler switched twice before he died to King Louis XIV grandson Philip. King Louis attemped to try and unite france and spain under one large power. Austria, English, and the Dutch didnt let this happen and secured leopald the 1sts claim to spain.
Seven Years War
1754-1763. Involved all great powers of Europe at the time. Started as conflict between Great Britain and France over territory in NA, soon all powers got involved. It ended with the treaty of paris, and was largely a success for great britain with the territories they gained.
Balance of Power
After napolean’s complete dominance of Europe in the early 19th century, rhe rulers of europe wanted to make sure that never happened again. Diplomats from all the great powers got together and reorganized boundaries and formed an alliance to defeat a nation if it got out of hand.
Bourgeois
Bourgeois is a term referring to people that range in the middle to high class. Karl Marx brought the idea to europe that bourgeois are the ones who own means of production, and who’s concerns deal with the value of property in order to ensure economic supremacy.
Mary Astell
An intellectual and writer during the enlightenment. Mary is said to be the first feminist, as her writings dealt a great deal with women’s rights. She was a great satirist and writing for women’s rights got a lot of attention.
The Wilkes Affair
Wilkes was an english journalist and politician who was instrumental in supporting freedom of press. His published works got him arrested but was not found guilty. wilkes sued for damages and won. After being kicked out of government on multiple occasions, he eventually became the mayor of london. LIBERTY WON!
Declaration of Independence
Written by Thomas jefferson, this document claimed American indepence from great britain. It listed many grievences that americans had with the king. It had heavy influence of the enlightenment.
Treaty of Paris (1783)
The treaty of paris was a peace treaty that ended the revolutionary war. It was negotiated between the US and great Britain and recognized American independence.
Tennis Court Oath
Pivotal event during the first days of the the french revolution. Hundreds of members of the third estate got together at an indoor tennis court. Pledged to not stop meeting until they wrote a constitution for france.
