Midterm

Question 1

Answer 1

Question 2

Psychology

Answer 2

-the study of behavior and the cognitive and affective effects through behavior

Question 3

Three affective disorders

Answer 3

depression -> sadness

mania -> hyper happy

bi-polar -> both sadness and hyper happiness

Question 4

Amotivational syndrome

Answer 4

affected by environment an caused not to care

Question 5

What is nature?

Answer 5

genetic influence

Question 6

What is nurture?

Answer 6

environmental influence

Question 7

Two different types of twins

Answer 7

monozygotic- twins that grow from the same fertilized egg (identical)

dizygotic- twins that grow from two separately fertilized eggs (fraternal)

Question 8

What were some of the findings from Bouchard’s “Minnesota Twins Study”?

Answer 8

• identical twins reared apart were likely to lead similar lives (even when circumstances for both were very different)
• nature plays a significant roll in a person’s life

Question 9

Children learn more…

Answer 9

from modeled behavior than verbal behavior

Question 10

Habituation

Answer 10

• first form of learning
• being unaffcted by a constant stimuli (i.e. hum of florescent lights)

Question 11

Dishabituation

Answer 11

-when a stimulus changes (i.e. squinting and feeling glasses)

Question 12

Change is a signal of…

Answer 12

Information- something new has happened

Question 13

What was Gibson’s “Visual Cliff Study” and what were the findings?

Answer 13

• had a chamber built where there appeared to be a large fall (but it was covered with plexi-glass!). Babies were placed in the center to see if they would go towards the cliff or not
• Depth perception is learned (age unknown)
• humans learn depth perception later than animals

Question 14

Fantz’s study of human perception

Answer 14

• created a “looking chamber” and placed two figures in front of the infants to see what they prefered to see
• infants looked at more complex figures
• infants prefer to look at faces rather than things shaped like faces

Question 15

Skinner’s “Superstition in the Pidgeon” study

Answer 15

• released food to hungry pidgeons at a set interval to see if they would create a superstition
• removd the food to see how long it would take to get rid of the superstition
• because they were “rewarded” for doing somthing, the pidgeons continued to do those things to try to get food
• superstitions are difficult to break

Question 16

Bandura’s “Bobo Doll” experiment and findings

Answer 16

• children watched a model play with toys in a room, then went into a room and played with toys themselves (some models modeled aggressive behaviors while others did not)
• children were more likely to do what the model did if they were of the same gender
• aggression is learned

Question 17

Rosenthal and Jacobson’s “Teacher’s Expectencies” study

Answer 17

• test was given to students and random names were given to teachers
• if you expect a child (especially a young child) to excel, they will
• we give off subconscious signals that show that we expect some children to do better than others

Question 18

Gardner’s “Frames of the Mind” study

Answer 18

• there are multiple intelligences (7 approved, 2 are being disputed)
• devolped 8 signs of intelligences

Question 19

What are the different areas of intelligence?

Answer 19

• linguistic
• musical
• mathematical/logical
• bodily kinesthic
• spatial
• interpersonal
• intrapersonal
• naturalist
• existential

Question 20

Kohlberg’s “Development of orientations toward a moral order” study

Answer 20

• asked boys of a wide variety of ages questions that have moral dilemas
• concluded that there are six stages of morality

Question 21

Stages of Morality

Answer 21

1. Punishment and Obedience orientation (consequences for actions determine right and wrong)
2. Naive instumental hedonism (satisfaction of one’s own needs defines what is good)
3. “Good boy- nice girl” orintation (what pleases others is good)
4. Authority maintaining morality (maintaining law and order)
5. Morality of agreements and democratically detrmined law (society’s values and individual rights detrmine right and wrong)
6. Morality of individual principles of conscience ( right and wrong are matters of individual philosphy according to universal principles)

Question 22

Langer and Rodin’s “Effects of Choice” study

Answer 22

• two separate floors in a nursing home were studied- one had choices while the other was told what to do
• the floor that could choose what to do lived longer and happier lives than those of the people who could not choose what to do

Question 23

Conditional Stimulus

Answer 23

(CS) you can control the stimulus

Question 24

Unconditioned Stimulus

Answer 24

(UCS) a stimulus that occurs naturally; cannot be controlled

Question 25

Ferral children

Answer 25

- abandoned or isolated completely - do not get enough nourishment - lack pragmatic skills and speech

Question 26

Agency

Answer 26

iniating your own behavior

Question 27

Contiguity

Answer 27

Two stimuli paired together

Question 28

Contingency

Answer 28

if I do this, that happens

Question 29

Two ways reinforcement occurs

Answer 29

- postive -\> stimulation given to the person to get them to enforce a behavior that is positive - negative -\> punisher given and makes the person stop giving a given response

Question 30

Extinction

Answer 30

occurs when no reinforcement is givn and the habit disappears

Question 31

Social learning theory

Answer 31

most of what we learn is learnded from other people

Question 32

Intrinsic rewards

Answer 32

I did it, I did a good job -Reward comes from within oneself

Question 33

Extrinstic rewards

Answer 33

You did a good job -Rewards given outside oneself

Question 34

Pygmalian effect

Answer 34

making or molding an individual into what you want them to be

Question 35

Intelligence is Global (G)

Answer 35

if you are smart in one of the MI, you will be smart in all of them