midterm

Question 1

Meristems

Answer 1

plant tissues in which cells divide to reproduce

Question 2

Monocotyledons

Answer 2

grasses palms lilies orchids

phloem and xylem are dispersed

the first shoot from the seed has 1 leaf

Flower parts of three or multiples of three

Parallel lease veins

Question 3

Dicotyledons

Answer 3

just centralized tubes

the first shoot from a seed has 2 leaves

flower parts in fours or fives or multiples

Netted lease ends

Question 4

male part of flower

Answer 4

stamen

,anther holds pollen

Question 5

female part of flower

Answer 5

female part is pistil

ovary contains ovules

Question 6

Annuals

Answer 6

complete a full life cycle in one year

Question 7

perennials

Answer 7

continue growing for many years

Question 8

biennials

Answer 8

require 2 growing cycles, or two years

Question 9

Micro climates

Answer 9

Why is that important
Different levels of sunlight
Closer to a tree, less sun
Soil structure
Slopes
Shading with other crops
Which ones do we have on our farm

Question 10

Self pollinating vs cross polinating (rice, wheat hybrids, crossing)

Answer 10

Rice and wheat are mostly self pollinators

Cross polinate for hybrids and hybrid vigor

Benefit of cross - robust diverse genetics

Self - dont usually rely on animal polination

Question 11

Maintenance of biodiversity

Answer 11

Genetic
Species
Varietals
Cultivars
Functional group
Temporal
Insect

Question 12

Tap roots

Answer 12

deep access to h20

Tap roots can break hard pan

Veritical mixing

Access water

Question 13

Fibrous adds

Answer 13

Fibrous adds biomass

Erosion prevention

root hairs

soil structure

Question 14

soil components

Answer 14

sand, silt, and clay

loamy soil is made of the three equals

Question 15

Worms purpose

Answer 15

provide water and nutrients

Do better with no till

Question 16

arthropods purpose

Answer 16

break up organic matter

Question 17

bacteria purpose

Answer 17

make nutrients available to plants

Question 18

fungi purpose

Answer 18

increase uptake of water and nutrients and increase aggregation

compete with plant pathogens

parasitize plants and soil animals

stabilize soil structure

Question 19

Nematodes

Answer 19

most abundant fauna

promote decomposition and nutrient cycling

Question 20

humus purpose

Answer 20

decrease crusting and clotting,

improves internal drainage,

increased water and nutrient holding capacity,

which make easier tillage reduced erosion,

deeper better root systems

Question 21

tilth

Answer 21

soil quality as it relates to tillage

Question 22

tillage (bads)

Answer 22

reduces soil organic matter and increases erosion rates

tillage adds oxygen which increases decomposition

too much nitrogen increases microbial activity and increases decomposition

Question 23

soil horizons

Answer 23

soil horizons OAEBCR

A is organic matter and most productive
E is zone of eluviation, few solubles and organics
B zone of deposition, clay and humus accumulate
C is parent material, unaffected

Question 24

“green maure”

Answer 24

using past field in soil

Question 25

winter cover crops

Answer 25

often legumes, cover land during winter

Question 26

summer green manure crop

Answer 26

legumes for nitrogen and organic mater non legumes for biomass, smother weeds, and improve soil tilth

Question 27

living mulch

Answer 27

interplanted with annual or perennial cash crop

Question 28

catch crop

Answer 28

short term crops after harvest to prevent erosion and nutrient leeching

Question 29

forage crop

Answer 29

pasturage or haying and as green manure

Question 30

main cover crop purpose

Answer 30

erosion and leeching

Question 31

weed suppression (cover crop)

Answer 31

allopathic plants inhibit nearby plants with toxins like rye and sorghum mulch is good too

Question 32

compost purposes

Answer 32

improves structure and nutrients increases organic matter to prevent nutrient leeching

Question 33

best place for compost pile

Answer 33

pile is optimally located under a deciduous oak tree or other deciduous tree for shade (moisture)

Question 34

optimal size of compost

Answer 34

1 meter by 1 meter to maximize internal insulation

Question 35

optimal compost time of year

Answer 35

spring or autumn for maximum microbial activity and medium heat

Question 36

optimal compost ratios

Answer 36

45:45:10

Question 37

don't use in compost

Answer 37

``` dog poop, poisonous plants, plants with toxic acids, plants insect eggs or disease, Ivy and succulents ```

Question 38

nitrogens in compost

Answer 38

greens which are manure, coffee grounds, grass, veggies

Question 39

Carbons in compost

Answer 39

brown which are sawdusts, straw, leaves, paper

Question 40

Integrated Pest Management

Answer 40

``` breaks in crop cycles physical barriers sticky traps pheromone disruption bug vaccums organic insecticides ```