Midterm

Question 1

name the two types of bacterial endocarditis

Answer 1

1. Acute Bacterial Endocarditis

2. Sub- acute Bacterial Endocarditis

Question 2

T/F

Acute Bacterial Endocarditis is less dangerous than sub- acute

Answer 2

False

acute is more dangerous

Question 3

Acute bacterial endocarditis major cause of infection is _____

Answer 3

staphylococcus aureus

Question 4

Sub- acute endocarditis is caused by infection ____

Answer 4

streptococcus mitis

Question 5

aka for strep. mitis

Answer 5

Strep. viridans

Question 6

Sub- acute bacterial endocarditis ____ hemolytic bacteria

Answer 6

alpha

Question 7

name the sources of chronic bacterial infections

Answer 7

• bad teeth
• genital organs ( prostate for males and ovaries for females
• cutaneous infections - blisters or acne is the source of infection
• Lungs - chronic pneumonia
• gallbladder - formation of stones , infections
• amyloidosis

Question 8

T/ F

amyloidosis is curable

Answer 8

false it is not curable

Question 9

Favorite area involvement is the ___ ___

Second most area of involvement is ___ ___

Answer 9

mitral valave aortic valve

Question 10

Ductus arteriosis aka

Answer 10

non- on liberated ductus arterioles

Question 11

Ducuts exits between ____ and ____ artery in vitro

Answer 11

aorta and pulmonary

Question 12

this condition refers to a group of closely related symptoms syndromes caused by imbalance between the myocardial oxygen demand and the blood supply

Answer 12

• Ischemic heart disease

Question 13

T/F

70-75% of lumen of coronary artery , will clinically manifest

Answer 13

false

more than 75% occlusion will result in clinical manifestation

Question 14

list the factors for Critical stenosis of coronary artery and ischemic heart disease

Answer 14

• hyperlipdemia
• smoking
• hypertension

Question 15

what are the complications of Ishemic heart disease

Answer 15

thrombosis

Question 16

what are the pathogenesis of ishemic heart disease

Answer 16

• 1.acute change in plaque morphology
  2. Platelet aggregation (foundation of thrombosis)
  3. Coronary artery thrombosis
  4. Coronary artery vasospasm

Question 17

what is the most common pathogenesis of ishemic hear disease

Answer 17

coronary artery thrombosis

Question 18

type of ischemic heart disease

Answer 18

Angina pectoris

Question 19

what refers to intermittent chest pain caused by transient , reversible myocardial ishemia

Answer 19

Angina Pectoris

Question 20

list the typical manifestations of Angina pectoris

Answer 20

• retosternal diffuse burning or squeezing pain
• radiating pain on inner surface of arm
• pain in neck and left side of face
• radiation to left scapula pain

Question 21

what are the different forms of angina

Answer 21

• typical anigina (stable)
• unstable angina (Crescendo Angina) - pre - infarction
• Prinzmetal’s (variant anemia)

Question 22

form of angina pectoris associated with ___ of coronary artery occlusion

Answer 22

increase

Question 23

in typical (stable) angina why would the pt. take nitroglycerin

Answer 23

it causes a dramatic venous dilation which decreases the load of the heart so it doesn’t have to work as hard. this is the best treatment
- place under tongue for 5-10 minutes and pain will subside

Question 24

when does Stable angina develop

Answer 24

develops when there is any sort of exertion

Question 25

which angina is the development of coronary arterial spasm (vasospasm of coronary arteries)

Answer 25

Prinzmetal's (Variant) Angina

Question 26

what is the cause of Prinzmetal's Angina

Answer 26

unpredictable | stress, any exertion , but really they aren't sure

Question 27

what type of angina is it when the increased frequency and duration of angina pectoris attack, associated with even higher levels of coronary artery occlusion

Answer 27

Unstable angina (Crescendo angina) aka pre- infarction angina

Question 28

if duration is > 40 min what is the possibility

Answer 28

an MI

Question 29

T/F | Crescendo angina develops with exertion

Answer 29

False | without exertion

Question 30

T/F | Prinzmetal's Aninga usually known to awaken people during the night

Answer 30

False | this occurs in unstable Angina

Question 31

indicates the development of an area of myocardial necrosis caused by local ischemia #1 killer in the US

Answer 31

Myocardial infarction

Question 32

what is it called when there is chronic hypoxia of muscle , degeneration of the heart muscle will occur and leads to necrosis and functional loss.. irreversible and fibers are replaced by CT which can't contract and leads to congestive heart failure

Answer 32

Chronic ischemic heart disease

Question 33

aka for chronic ischemic heart disease

Answer 33

ischemic cardiomyopathy

Question 34

Dscribe what myocardial sclerosis is

Answer 34

CT develops where the conductive system of the heart is | - could result in development in different areas of ARRHYTHMIA - ventricular fibrillation

Question 35

happens when death occurring within 24 hr of the onset symptoms - may be caused by a multiple of disorders

Answer 35

Sudden Cardiac Death

Question 36

Cardiac causes of sudden death

Answer 36

- mostly due to ischemic/ coronary heart disease - coronary artery diseases - myocardial disease - valvular diseas - conduction system abnormalities

Question 37

50% of people who die of sudden cardiac death usually had ________

Answer 37

ischemic heart disease

Question 38

a multisystem derangement that occurs when the heart is no longer able to eject the blood delivered to it by the venous system

Answer 38

Congestive heart failure

Question 39

in congestive heart failure, the heart stops pumping adequately, isn't supplying organ systems with blood , the body tries to compensate for this inadequacy by _____ ____

Answer 39

Adaptive Responses

Question 40

overacitivity due to congestive heart failure results in what two actions to the heart

Answer 40

- increased HR ( Positive chronotropic effect) increased ) | - increase of the heart contractility ( positive ionotropic effect)

Question 41

Adaptive Responses from congestive heart failure

Answer 41

- overactivity of sympathetic nervous system ( allows the heart to pump more adequately ) - Hypertrophy

Question 42

name the two types of hypertrophy

Answer 42

- Concentric | - eccentric

Question 43

which hypertrophy is common in hypertension and occurs in aortic stenosis and will increase resistance to blood flow since its going through a smaller valvular opening

Answer 43

Pressure Hypertrophy (Concentric)

Question 44

which hypertrophy is when extra amount of blood in chambers and increase size of the chamber ... extra blood leads to dilation of chambers and leads to mitral insufficiency : left ventricle is enlarged

Answer 44

Eccentric Hypertrophy aka abnormal volume hypertrophy