Midterm 4

Question 1

Structures from Telencephalon

Answer 1

Olfactory lobes, Hippocampus, Cerebrum

Question 2

Structures from Diencephalon

Answer 2

Retina, Epithalamus, Thalamus, Hypothalamus

Question 3

Structures from Mesencephalon

Answer 3

Midbrain

Question 4

Structures from Metencephalon

Answer 4

Cerebellum and pons

Question 5

Structures from Myelencephalon

Answer 5

Medulla

Question 6

BDNF is important in:

Answer 6

1. On-going plasticity in adult CNS
2. KOs = obese (hypothalamus), aggressive, fear (amygdala), impaired spatial learning, increased depression.
3. Cell #s same in cortex and striatum, but fewer spines and fewer dendrites.

Question 7

What promotes epidermal fate?

Answer 7

BMPs

Question 8

What inhibits BMPs?

Answer 8

Noggin and chordin

Question 9

What helps with the closure of the neural tube?

Answer 9

Folic acid and Shh

Question 10

What are the divisions of the neural tube?

Answer 10

Prosencephalon -> telencephalon, diencephalon, mesencephalon, rhombencephalon

Question 11

What transcription factors control development?

Answer 11

Hox and Pax

Question 12

What is Pax for?

Answer 12

Eye development

Question 13

What is Hox for?

Answer 13

Encodes TFs that help specify final location of parts of body and where on the body it belongs.
- Anterior/Posterior patterning

Question 14

What are the inductive signals?

Answer 14

1. RA (intracellular)
2. FGFs (extracellular)
3. Wnts (extracellular, frizzled)
4. Shh (Patched/Smoothened)
5. BMPs (BMP extracellular)

Question 15

What are FGFs?

Answer 15

Fibroblast growth factors: involved in angiogenesis, wound healing. Key players in proliferation and differentiation of wide variety of cells and tissues.

Question 16

BMPs are important where?

Answer 16

Identity of neural cells in the dorsal spinal cord (roof plate).

Question 17

What is Shh important for?

Answer 17

Ventral patterning in notochord and floor plate.

Question 18

Symmetrical cell division in neurogenesis leads to what?

Answer 18

More stem cells

Question 19

Asymmetric division generates:

Answer 19

Post-mitotic neuroblast and new asymmetric dividing cell.

Question 20

What can you use for birth dating?

Answer 20

BrdU or thymidine to label new DNA. (See cells in deeper layers born first)

Question 21

What is the delta-notch signaling important for?

Answer 21

Cell-cell communication.

Question 22

What is holoprosencephaly?

Answer 22

No midline (Shh)

Question 23

What is medulloblastoma?

Answer 23

Cerebellum cancer

Question 24

What transition must occur for migration to occur?

Answer 24

Epithelial to mesechymal

Question 25

Migration along radial glia occur where?

Answer 25

in CNS

Question 26

How does migration in PNS work?

Answer 26

Neural crest cells migrate and many final cell fates

Question 27

Explain the growth cone.

Answer 27

Lamellipodium (sheet like) with filopodia (finger like) sensing the environment. Guided by actin and microtubule depolarization and polymerization reaching towards synaptic target.

Question 28

What are the non-diffusible signals?

Answer 28

ECM + integrins, NCAM and L1, cadherins, ephrins and Eph receptors.

Question 29

Ephrins and Eph receptors are important for:

Answer 29

topographic connections/organization.

Question 30

Cadherin is dependent on what?

Answer 30

Calcium. Cadherin is a CAM found on growth cones and cells over which they grow.

Question 31

What does integrin do?

Answer 31

Receptor molecules found on growth cones that bind to CAMs such as laminin and fibronectin

Question 32

What is the diffusable attractive signal?

Answer 32

Netrin/DCC receptors (anterolateral system axons crossing midline)

Question 33

What does robo/slit do?

Answer 33

A repulsive signal that prevents growing back again in (prevents activity of netrin)

Question 34

What are the repulsive signals?

Answer 34

1. Slit/robo | 2. Semaphorins/plexin & neurophilin receptors.

Question 35

KOs of neurotrophins leads to:

Answer 35

Defects in PNS

Question 36

What is Hebb's postulate?

Answer 36

Neurons that fire together, wire together.