Midterm Flashcards
(120 cards)
1
Q
CPT-continuous performance test
A
- requires subjects to indicate every time a letter other than x appears on the computer screen
- to test vigilance
2
Q
Trails A & Trails B
A
- to test visual attention and task switching -> measures time to connect a sequence of number or alternating numbers and letters
- measures psycho-motor speed and flexibility
3
Q
WAIS (Vocabulary)
A
to measure premorbid IQ
4
Q
WAIS (Digit Span)
A
to measure verbal working memory, attention, encoding,
5
Q
Corsi Block Tapping Test
A
o To assess visuo-spatial short term working memory
o Involves mimicking a researcher as he/she taps a sequence of up to 9 identical spatially separated blocks.
6
Q
SPMSQ (short portable mental status questionnaire)
A
o A brief instruction to measure the presence and the degree of memory or cognitive impairment
o Measures orientation, memory function related to capacity for self-care, remote memory, and capacity to perform several mental operation
7
Q
• MMSE (Mini Mental Status Exam)
A
o To assess mental status in terms of 5 cognitive function areas: orientation, registration, attention and calculation, recall, and language
o Is a screening tool for cognitive impairment with older adults
8
Q
• AVLT (Ray Auditory Verbal Learning Test)
A
o to test learning curve, recency and primacy effects, proactive and retroactive interference
9
Q
• CVLT-II (California Verbal Learning Test)
A
o to test learning curve, proactive and retroactive interference, semantic memory, forced-choice recognition
10
Q
• Halstead-Reitan
A
o to assess the condition and functioning of the brain including type and areas of damage
o Tests include category test, finger oscillation test, seashore rhythm test…
11
Q
• Nebraska-Luri
A
o to measure neuropsychological functioning in motor skills, language abilities, intellectual abilities, nonverbal auditory skills, and visual-spatial skills
o to determine whether a significant brain injury is present or to learn more about known brain injuries (left and right hemisphere, and 4 lobes)
12
Q
• NEPSY
A
“A Developmental NEuroPSYchological Assessment”
o to measure a child’s neurological status in terms of executive function and attention, language, memory and learning, sensorimotor, visuospatial processing and social perception
13
Q
• WMS (Wechsler Memory Scale)
A
o to measure working memory, single-trial learning, learning slops, retention, retrieval
14
Q
• Anomia
A
inability to recall names of everyday objects
15
Q
• Agnosia
A
inability to process sensory information -> cannot recognize things
16
Q
• Apraxia
A
inability to follow a motor command
17
Q
• Aphasia
A
inability to communicate
18
Q
• Acalculia
A
inability to perform simple arithmetic/mathematical tasks
19
Q
• Anosognosia
A
impaired awareness, lack of insight (e.g., lack of self-awareness)
20
Q
• Agraphia
A
inability to write, communicate through writing
21
Q
• Finger Agnosia
A
inability to distinguish, name or recognize the fingers; inability to identify which finger is touched
22
Q
• Right-Left Disorientation
A
inability to identify right and left sides
23
Q
• Neglect Hemiattention
A
inability to pay attention to one side of universe
24
Q
• Basal ganglia
A
o Learning, memory and unconscious memory such as motor skills and implicit memory (procedural memory)
o Damage -> dysfunctional learning of motor and perceptual-motor skills, working memory
25
• Frontal lobe
coordination of information -> working memory; the ability to remember what we need to do in the future
o Prefrontal cortex
• executive function: planning complex cognitive behavior
• attention and memory: a store of short-term memory; working memory
• recency memory
o Broca’s area: speech production
26
• Cerebellum
o The learning of procedural memory
o Motor learning
o Classical conditioning
27
• Amygdala
o Emotional learning and memory
o Memory consolidation for emotional memory
o Classical conditioning
28
• Medial temporal lobe
memories with facts and events (Declarative memory)
29
o Hippocampus in medial temporal lobe
* cognitive map
* encoding of complex memories
* Damage to hippocampus -> anterograde amnesia; impossible to form new semantic memories, not episodic memory (explicit descriptions of actual events (episodic) cannot be learned, but some meaning and knowledge is gained from experiences (semantic))
* Memory consolidation: the slow process by which memories are converted from short to long term memory
* Spatial memory
30
• Diencephalon
thalamus + hypothalamus
o Thalamus
• Retrieval of memory: “librarian of the brain”
31
• Basal forebrain
learning and memory
o Acetylcholine is produced in basal forebrain -> damage -> reduced the amount of acetylcholine -> impair learning and memory -> amnesia, confabulation
32
• Consciousness
a general manifestation of brain activity that may become more or less responsive to stimuli, but has no separable parts
33
• Attention
refers to receptivity to sensory input for further processing.
34
major domains of neuropsychological assessment
* General intellectual functioning
* Orientation: x3 (who you are, time, place)
* Attention
* Memory: nonverbal and verbal functioning
* Speech and language function:
* Visuo-construction: putting things together
* Visuo-spatial perception: break up complex images into simple ones
* Executive function
* Problem-solving
* Motor functions strength, speed, dexterity
* Academic achievement
* Clinical observation
* Rating scales
* Adaptive behavior and functioning
* Psychological functioning: psychiatric diagnosis, personality
35
the major components of a neurology exam
* Mental Status Exam
* Cranial Nerve Exam
* Motor System
* Sensory Exam
36
• Frontal lobe
```
o Motor & Premotor Cortex
• Primary/Secondary levels of motor Control: basic and integration of motor functioning
• Verbal Fluency (the ability to rapidly generate materials or information) & Design Fluency
• Spelling
o Prefrontal
• Tertiary level of motor control
• Adaptability of response patterns
• Programming & Planning of sequences of behavior
• Level of response emission
• Verbal regulation
• Problem-solving
• Voluntary eye movements
• Perceptual judgment
• Memory (recency)
o Broca’s area: speech production
o Orbital cortex
```
37
• Parietal lobe
```
o Anterior
• Somatosensory perceptions
• Tactile perception
• Body Sense
• Visual object recognition
o Posterior
• Language
• Spatial Orientation & Attention
• Symbolic Synthesis
• Intentional movement
• Cross-modal tactile visual matching
• Short-term auditory memory
```
38
• Occipital lobe
o Primary visual sensation (points of light, simple forms)
• Completion
o Visual Perception
• Contours, magnitude, orientation, depth
• Stereopsis, brightness, color, movement
o Semantic connotations of visual objects
o Reading
39
• Temporal lobe
o Audition (all aspects of)
o Vision (Higher aspects of visual perception)
o Language (Receptive)
o Attention
o Cross-Modal Integration
o MEMORY
o Personality (affect, emotion, personal experience)
40
Meninges
* Dura mater
* Arachnoid membrane
* Pia mater
41
AMNART (American National Adult Reading Test)
to estimate premorbid IQ
42
cerebrum
the two cerebral hemispheres
43
cortex
the outermost layer of cerebrum consisting of mostly cell bodies
44
gray matter
cell bodies
45
white matter
myelinated axons
46
gyrus/gyri
folds of the cortex
47
sulcus/sulci
grooves of the cortex
48
parenchyma
generic term for brain tissue
49
axial
horizontal
50
dorsal
top
51
ventral
bottom
52
rostral
front
53
coronal plane
Think "crown." A coronal slice is a slice from one ear to the other.
54
transverse plane
Means the same as horizontal plane
55
sagittal plane
vertical plane which passes from anterior to posterior, dividing the brain into right and left halves.
56
caudal
near the posterior part of the body
57
meninges
dura mater, arachnoid membrane, pia mater
58
Layers of the head/brain in order
skull --> dura mater --> blood vessels --> arachnoid membrane --> CSF --> pia mater --> brain
59
logical memory
memory for story
60
delirium
- A neuropsychiatric syndrome characterized primarily by impaired attention and disturbed consciousness which results in a "confusional state.
- diffuse cognitive deficits (memory), perceptual disturbances, , sleep-wake cycle alterations, psychomotor disturbance
61
deficits in retrieval
they can benefit from cued and recognition tests
62
deficits in encoding
they do not benefit from cued and recognition tests
63
Selective attention
The ability to maintain a behavioral or cognitive set in the face of distracting or competing stimuli ("freedom from distractibility”)
64
Vigilance
high level of anticipatory readiness for low probability stimuli
65
Capacity
How much information one can attend to at a time
66
Sustained attention
The ability to maintain a consistent behavioral response during continuous and repetitive activity (attentional endurance).
67
Supervisory Attentional System (SAS)
Executive control of attention. Arousal-Attention-SAS-Cognition. Once awake and altert, the SAS can direct our attention/cognitions.
68
Focused attention
The ability to respond discretely to specific visual, auditory or tactile stimuli. Intensity of focus.
69
Focus
Staying free from or blocking out distractions.
70
Complex Attention
Term used to refer to attentional tasks that require more than simple, basic attention (usually requires some kind of motor component). Essentially anything more complicated than basic attention.
71
What is typical pattern of cerebral lateralization of language functioning?
95% of right-handed people have left-hemisphere dominance for language, and about 20% of left-handed people have right-hemisphere dominance for language function. Additionally, 20% of the left-handed have bilateral language functions.
72
What is typical pattern of cerebral lateralization of visuo-spatial functioning?
Each cerebral hemisphere only receives information from one half of the visual field—specifically, from the contralateral hemifield. For example, retinal projections from ganglion cells in the left eye that receive information from the left visual field cross to the right hemisphere at the optic chiasm; while information from the right visual field received by the left eye will not cross at the optic chiasm, and will remain on the left hemisphere.
73
What are the advantages to CT?
* detects acute hemorrhage and calcified lesions.
* Emergency room diagnostic tool (it takes fewer than 5 min)
* cheaper than MRI
74
What are the disadvantages to CT?
* can pose the risk of irradiation.
| * Difficult to differentiate white matter from grey matter
75
What are the advantages to MRI?
* Provides much more soft tissue detail.
* Examines a large variety of medical conditions
* It does not use radiation.
76
What are the disadvantages to MRI?
* takes up to 30 min.
| * more expensive than CT
77
What are the major components of a neurology exam?
```
• Mental Status Exam
• Cranial Nerve Exam
• Motor System
o Tone and Power: muscle strength and tone
o Coordination
o Abnormal Movements
o Deep Tendon Reflexes and Miscellaneous Signs
• Sensory Exam
```
78
What aspects of history taking get more emphasis in a neuropsychological exam compared to a clinical diagnostic interview?
• Medical history and neurological history
79
What neuropsychological abnormalities should you be alert to in a "bed-side exam?"
* Appearance
* Facial movement
* Speech and language
* Attention
* Movement
* Visuospatial function
* Form of thought
* Organization and initiation of behavior
80
Provide a general definition of attention
the receptivity to sensory input for further processing
81
What is focused attention?
the ability to respond discretely to specific visual, auditory or tactile stimuli
82
How can focused attention be assessed?
digit symbol, visual span, Stroop, working memory, digits forward, CPT
83
What is selective attention?
the ability to maintain a behavioral or cognitive set in the face of distracting or competing stimuli; the ability to focus on one part of the world while ignoring other aspects of the environment that are not important for the task at hand
84
How can selective attention be assessed?
letter or star cancellation, line bisection
85
What is tracking (attention)?
the ability to keep track of where you are
86
How can tracking be assessed?
digits backward, spelling backward, letter number sequencing
87
What is complex attention?
the ability to flexibly control attention by either switching or dividing attention between more than one thing
88
How can complex attention be assessed?
digit symbol coding, trail making, color trails
89
What is vigilance?
high level of anticipatory readiness for low probability stimuli
90
How can vigilance be assessed?
CPT-continuous performance test (requires subjects to indicate every time a letter other than x appears on the computer screen)
91
What is mental control?
production, control, or manipulation of familiar or overlearned material
92
How can mental control be assessed?
The Boston Revision of WMS-III Mental Control, WMS-III also has a measure of mental control
93
What problems of attention can be caused by a stroke?
unilateral brain lesions--neglect, hemi-attention
| focal stroke lesion--impairments in focused attention
94
What problems of attention can be caused by dementia?
problems with attentional capacity, focused attention, and executive function
95
What problems of attention can be caused by Multiple Sclerosis?
problems with attentional control and attentional capacity; also causes fatigue
96
What problems of attention can be caused by hydrocephalus?
problems with attention and information processing; attentional ability fluctuates with ventricular pressure changes
97
What problems of attention can be caused by head trauma?
Usually frontal lobe damage. This causes impaired focused attention, attentional impairments in response, attentional impairments in response selection and control
98
What problems of attention can be caused by schizophrenia?
impaired selective, sustained, and focused attention, attention capacity, and information filtering
99
What problems of attention can be caused by an affective disorder?
impaired focused and sustained attention
depression: errors of omission
mania: errors of commission
100
What problems of attention can be caused by ADHD?
Executive or self-regulatory dysfunction is often impaired
101
What are the main functions of the temporal lobes? (easier)
hearing, memory
102
What are the main functions of the frontal lobes? (easier)
thinking, behavior, executive functioning
103
What are the main functions of the parietal lobes? (easier)
sensation, perception, and integrating sensory input (primarily with the visual system)
104
What are the main functions of the occipital lobes? (easier)
visual processing
105
Trails A and Trails B (easier)
A test of shifting attention and tracking. How much of a decrement in performance occurs when you jump from trails A (basic attention) to trails B (executive functioning).
106
Continuous Performance Task (easier)
A test of sustained attention and vigilance. A long test that requires a high level of concentration. A high level of anticipatory readiness to respond to a low frequency target.
107
WAIS Vocabulary (easier)
Premorbid verbal knowledge. Thought to be a “hold” test. Holds its integrity even in the face of severe neurological damage.
108
WAIS Digit Span (easier)
Digits Forward is basic attention. Digits Backwards is a tracking (any attentional task where you are required to keep track of where you are in the process of solving the task) task.
109
Corsi Block Tapping Test (easier)
Visual spatial parallel of an auditory digit span. Which blocks does the examiner touch and in what order.
110
AMNART (easier)
Premorbid verbal knowledge; very influenced by educational background.
111
SPMSQ (easier)
A general screener for cognitive impairment.
112
MMSE (easier)
A general screener for cognitive impairment.
113
AVLT (easier)
Verbal list learning test. One of the predecessors of the CVLT.
114
CVLT (easier)
Verbal list learning test. Uses Boston Process scoring.
115
Halstead-Reitan (easier)
Was intended to be a comprehensive neuropsychological fixed battery.
116
Nebraska-Luria (easier)
Was intended to be a comprehensive neuropsychological fixed battery.
117
NEPSY (easier)
A comprehensive neuropsyc battery for kids. Has many subtests.
118
WMS (easier)
A comprehensive battery specifically devoted to the assessment of memory.
119
Rapid forgetting
little to no savings; percentage of items recalled at immediate or long delay compared with how they did on trial five of CVLT
120
Alexia
Inability to read
