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Special Senses > Midterm > Flashcards

Midterm Flashcards

1
Q

What is the photoreceptive structure at the back of the eye?

A

Retina

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2
Q

What muscles control the thickness of the lens?

A

Ciliary muscle

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3
Q

T or F

The lens needs to become thinner, or less convos as focus is drawn closer to the eye.

A

False

This is describing when focus is brought on distant objects.

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4
Q

The term for adaptation of focus is?

A

Accommodation

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5
Q

Name the three coats of the eyeball

A
  1. External fibrous scleral coat
  2. Middle vascular coat of the choroid *sometimes called the uveal tract
  3. Inner retinal coat
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6
Q

The sclera covers approximately what proportion of the eye?

A

5/6

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7
Q

T or F

The sclera is continuous with the cornea

A

True

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8
Q

What is another name for the scleral corneal junction?

A

Limbus

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9
Q

Where does the cornea derive it’s nutrition?

A

Vessels of the limbus

the aqueous and tears

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10
Q

What is the name of the area where the eyelids join at each side and form angles?

A

Lateral and medial Canthus

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11
Q

What is the function of the lacrimal caruncle?

A

Helps direct drainage of the tears

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12
Q

The entire area at the medial canthus is generally referred to as?

A

Lacrimal Lake

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13
Q

What is the function of the Tarsal glands?

A

They are modified sebaceous glands that secrete an oily substance that mixes with the tear film layer and helps to retard moisture evaporation. The mixture also helps break the surface tension of the tears.

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14
Q

T or F

The tarsal muscle only receives parasympathetic stimulation

A

False

Sympathetic

**tarsal muscles are attached to the top of the tarsal plate

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15
Q

What lays in front of the Tarsal Glands?

A

Ciliary glands

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16
Q

What is the function of the ciliary glands?

A

These are also modified sebaceous glands which secrete an oily substance that helps give body to the cilia and allow them to remain moisture retardant.

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17
Q

What makes up the Ciliary Body?

A

The Ciliary Muscle

The Ciliary Process

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18
Q

What secretes aqueous fluid or humour?

A

Ciliary process

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19
Q

The Ciliary muscle is compromised of three types of fibres. Name the different fibre types that make up the ciliary muscle…

A

Circular Fibres
Meridianal Fibers
Radial Fibres

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20
Q

What is the name of the highly specialized area of sensory epithelium of the retina?

A

Macula

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21
Q

What holds the lens to the ciliary body?

A

Suspensory Ligaments

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22
Q

T or F

The circular fibres of the ciliary muscle are parasympathetically controlled

A

True

**Radial and Meridianal are sympathetically controlled

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23
Q

What is aqueous humour?

A

It fills the anterior cavity and is actually the result of finely filtered blood that contains no RBC

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24
Q

T or F

The aqueous humour is secreated into the anterior cavity of the eye

A

False

Secreted in the posterior. The aqueous then passes through the pupil into the anterior chamber of the anterior cavity.

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25
Q

What is the name of the structure that drains the aqueous humour?

A

Canal of Schlemm

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26
Q

Canal of Schlemm will return the fluid to the venous blood by what vein?

A

Anterior ciliary vein.

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27
Q

The condition of increased intraocular pressure is?

A

Glaucoma

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28
Q

T or F

The vitreous body or vitreous humour is located in the posterior cavity of the eye

A

True

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29
Q

What is Vitreous composed of?

A

99% water

1% collagen and hyaluronic acid

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30
Q

What is the conjunctiva?

A

A thin transparent membrane that covers the anterior sclera and the inside back of the eyelid.

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31
Q

What is the name of the portion of the conjunctiva that covers sclera?

A

Bulbar conjunctiva

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32
Q

What is the name of the conjunctiva that covers the inside back of the eyelid?

A

Palpebral Conjunctiva

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33
Q

The conjunctival sac is also known as?

A

Fornix or Cul-de-sac

34
Q

How many layers make up the tear film layer?

A

3

35
Q

Describe the 3 tear film layers and what glands fall under what layers

A

Outer oily layer = meibomian gland
Middle aqueous layer = tears glands
Inner mucin layer = goblet cells of conjunctiva

36
Q

Tears are composed of?

A 
Albumin
Gamma globulins (IgA IgG IgE)
37
Q

T or F

Mydriasis = pupilary dilation

A

True

38
Q

What does miosis mean?

A

Pupilary constriction

39
Q

Constriction of the pupil is produced by contraction of what?

A

Circular Fibres of the muscle tissue of the iris.

40
Q

T or F

Constriction of the pupil results from sympathetic stimulation

A

False

Parasympathetic

41
Q

In the anterior cavity of the eye the space between the cornea and the iris is called?

A

Anterior Chamber

42
Q

Where is the posterior chamber of the anterior cavity?

A

Between the ciliary body and the lens

43
Q

What is the name of the membrane that covers the outer surface of the vitreous?

A

Hyaloid Membrane

44
Q

What is another name for the Hyaloid Canal?

A

Cloquet’s Canal

45
Q

What is a unique characteristic of the Hyaloid Artery?

A

It is in a fetus and supplies the lens with nutrients during fetal development. Passes from the lens to the optic head (disc) and it usually disappears soon after birth.

46
Q

How many layers are in the retina?

A

10

47
Q

What is the name of the nerve fibre layer of the retina?

A

Stratium Opticum

48
Q

What is the external limiting layer of the retina called?

A

Jacob’s Membrane

49
Q

What layer contains the rods and cones of the retina?

A

Jacob’s Membrane

50
Q

The Choroidal Layer is situated between?

A

The Sclera and the Retina

51
Q

What does the Uveal tract consists of?

A

The Iris, the Ciliary body and the Choroid

52
Q

The term anterior uveitis is synonymous with what other terms?

A

Iritis

Iridocyclitis

53
Q

T or F

The ciliary process is responsible for controlling the shape of the lens.

A

False

54
Q

Where would you have the patient look to activate Superior Rectus

A

Superiorly and laterally

55
Q

Where would you have the patient look for the Inferior Rectus

A

Inferiorly and laterally

56
Q

When you have the patient look superiorly and medially what muscle are you testing?

A

Inferior Oblique

57
Q

What is the strongest, thickest and exerts the most leverage on ocular movement

A

Medial Rectus

58
Q

When we have the patient look inferior and medial what muscle are we testing?

A

Superior Oblique

59
Q

If you have Bitemporal Hemianopsia where is the lesion?

A

Optic Chiasm

60
Q

If you lost vision in your right eye where is the lesion?

A

Right Optic nerve

61
Q

If you had Left Homonymous Hemianopsia where is the lesion?

A

Right optic tract

62
Q

What is Left Homonymous Hemianopsia?

A

This is where you cannot see out of the left half of both eyes

63
Q

If you have Homonymous right upper quadrant defect where is the lesion?

A

Optic radiation - partial

64
Q

Visual acuity for distance vision is measured at what distance?

A

20 feet

65
Q

What does 20/25 vision mean?

A

The patient could see only at 20 feet what a person with normal vision can see at 25 feet.

66
Q

A newborn has a fixed point of focus about how many inches?

A

9

67
Q

When a kid is one year old what is their visual acuity approximately?

A

20/50

68
Q

What is the name of the test that will determine your peripheral vision?

A

Confrontation Test

69
Q

What are the four principled errors of refraction?

A
  1. Presbyopia
  2. Myopia
  3. Hypermetropia
  4. Astigmatism
70
Q

What does Emmetropia mean?

A

A term that refers to the refractive condition in which there is no refractive error present when the accommodation reflex is at rest

71
Q

Myopia = ?

A

Nearsightedness

72
Q

T or F

With myopia the distance from the cornea to the retina is too short

A

False

Too long

73
Q

Where do the light beams hit in regards to the retina in Myopia?

A

Parallel light rays come to focus in front of the retina

74
Q

T or F

Myopia is considered to be an overpowered eye

A

True

75
Q

What kind of lens is needed to correct for Myopia

A

A minus or biconcave lens correction to “weaken” the eye.

76
Q

Hyperopia = ?

A

Farsightedness or hypermetropia

77
Q

Describe what is occurring with the light rays and Hypermetropia

A

The distance between the cornea and the retina is too close. Light rays coming from a distant object strike the retina before coming to sharp focus.

78
Q

Presbyopia is progressive loss of?

A

Accommodation

*arising from loss of elasticity of the lens.

79
Q

What lens is used to correct for Presbyopia

A

A plus or biconcave

80
Q

What is astigmatism?

A
  • There is an irregularity in the surface of the cornea which prevents the light rays from coming to a single point of focus on the retina
  • Light rays are bent unequally by different meridians and from two focal lines instead of one point of focus.

Special Senses (2 decks)

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