Midterm Flashcards
1
Q
is a transactional process of sharing meaning with others
A
communication
2
Q
involved in communication as an initiator and encoder
A
sender
3
Q
involved in communication as a stimulus that produces meaning
A
message
4
Q
involved in communication as a medium through which a message travels such as oral or written
A
channel
5
Q
involved in communication as a decoder of a message
A
receiver
6
Q
involved in communication as a interference with effective transmission and reception of a message
A
noise
7
Q
what incorporates multiple channels besides words, such as gestures, facial expressions, tone of voice, posture, and other nonverbal cues. Face to face is an example
A
channel rich
8
Q
what incorporates a single channel devoid of the richness of nonverbal cues is available for understanding
A
channel lean
9
Q
what is less restrained and more spontaneous but also impersonal, channel lean communication can be what?
A
disinhibiting
10
Q
what is a roadblock in communicating, can be reflected in word choice that is confusing or distracting and creates interference
A
semantic noise
11
Q
what is the receiver’s verbal and nonverbal responses to a message
A
feedback
12
Q
what includes our cultural background, ethnicity, geographic location, extent of travel, general personal experiences accumulated over the course of a lifetime
A
fields of experience
13
Q
what refers to what is actually said and done
A
content dimension
14
Q
what refers to how that message defines or redefines the association between individuals
A
relationship dimension
15
Q
what is the conscious pattern humans create out of their interpretation of experience
A
meaning
16
Q
what is engaging in communication with others that is perceived to be both effective and appropriate in given context
A
Communication competence
17
Q
what is the degree to which we have progressed toward the achievement of our goals
A
effectiveness
18
Q
what is the behavior that is viewed as legitimate for or fitting to the context
A
appropriateness
19
Q
what is the environment in which communication occurs who, what, whom, why, where, when, how
A
context
20
Q
what is a followable prescription that indicates what behavior is obligated, preferred, or prohibited in certain contexts
A
rule
21
Q
what is the successful performance of a communication behavior and the ability to repeat such a behavior
A
communication skill
22
Q
what is receptive accuracy whereby we can detect, decode, and comprehend signals in our social environment
A
sensitivity
23
Q
what is when we thing about our communication and continually work at changing what we do in order to become more effective
A
mindful
24
Q
what is it when we are not cognizant of our communication with others and we put little to no effort into improving it
A
mindless
25
what is it when members communicate electronically and rarely if ever meet face to face
virtual groups
26
what is a passion for excellence accepting nothing less than the best that you can be
commitment
27
what is a system for judging moral correctness by using an agreed upon set of standard to determine what constitutes right and wrong behavior
ethics
28
What are the five ethical standard?
respect, honest, fairness, choice, responsibility
29
what is the emotional atmosphere, the pervading or enveloping tone that we create by the way we communicate with others
communication climate
30
what is a pattern of willingness to communicate
openness
31
what is a patters of confirmation of the worth and value of others and a willingness to help others succeed
supportiveness
32
what is a pattern of unwillingness to communicate with others
closedness
33
what is a patters of protective reaction to a perceived attack on our self esteem and self concept
defensiveness
34
Defensiveness takes what three forms
deny
counterattack
withdraw
35
what is a process of mutually exclusive goal attainment
competition
36
what is a process of mutually inclusive goal attainment
cooperation
37
what is the realization of personal goals without having to defeat an opponent
individual achievement
38
what is the excessive emphasis on beating others to achieve one's goals
hypercompetitiveness
39
what occurs when competing against others produces a positive, enjoyable experience and promotes increased efforts to achieve victory without jeopardizing positive interpersonal relationships and personal well being
constructive competition
40
what is thinking and feeling what you perceive another to be thinking and feeling
empathy
41
what is the degree of liking we have for members of a group, the level of commitment to the group that this liking produces
cohesiveness
42
what is the process by which our sense organs that contain sense receptors change physical energy into neural impulses that are sent to our brains
sensation
43
what is the process of selecting organizing and interpreting sensory data
perception
44
what is frequency perceived as
pitch
45
what is sound variation/ loudness
amplitude
46
what is the level of sensitivity of our senses
sensory acuity
47
what is the most representative or best example of something
prototype
48
what is a generalization about a group of category
stereotype
49
what is a predictable sequence of events that indicates what we are expected to do in a given situation
script
50
what is assigning causes to behavior
attributions
51
what are mental frameworks that create meaningful patterns from stimuli
schema
52
what is the sum total of everything that encompasses the self-referential term "me"
self concept
53
what is a preoccupation with one's body size and perceives that though one is muscular, they look small
muscle dysmorphia
54
what refers to messages you receive from others that assess your self concept
reflected appraisal
55
what is the evaluative element of self-perception
self-esteem
56
what is your self-esteem also influenced by what is perceived as most important to you feeling good about yourself
self-worth
57
what is the tendency to attribute our successful behavior to ourselves fut to assign external circumstances to our unsuccessful behavior
self-serving bias
58
what is the process of purposely revealing to others personal information about yourself that is significant and that others would not know unless you told them
self-disclosure
59
what refers to the range of subjects discussed
breadth
60
what refers to how personal you become when discussing a particular subject
depth
61
what is our strong tendency to be influenced more heavily by negative than positive information
negativity bias
62
what is the tendency to be more influenced by initial information about a person than when gathered later
primacy effect
63
what is overemphasizing personal traits and underemphasizing situation as causes of other people's behavior
fundamental attribution error
64
what refers to negative feelings about members of a group
prejudice
65
what refers to any behavior that manifests these negative feelings of prejudice
discrimination
66
what is a subtle form of discrimination that embraces the positive stereotype of woman as pure creatures
benevolent sixism
67
what is antipathy toward women who are viewed as unsurping men's power
hostile sexism
68
what occurs when we tend to remember information that supports our stereotypes but forget information that contradicts
selective memory bias
69
What is a perceived threat from apprehension that a person will be evaluated based on a negative stereotpe
stereotype vulnerability
70
what is acting on an erroneous expectation that produces the expected behavior and confirms the original impression
self-fulfilling prophecy
71
what predicts that interacting and becoming more familiar with members of stereotyped groups can diminish prejudice resulting from stereotyping
contact theory
72
what is a common valued goal
superordinate goal
73
what is a learned set of enduring values, beliefs, and practices that are shared by an indentifiable large group of people
culture
74
what are the most deeply felt, generally shared view of what is deemed good, right, or worthwhile thinking or behavior
values
75
what is what a person thinks is true or probabale
beliefs
76
what is a group of people who live in a dominant culture yet remain connected to another cultural heritage that typically exhibits significant differences in values, beliefs, and practices
co-culture
77
what is varying degrees of importance placed on those deeply felt views of what is right, food, and worthwhile
value dimensions
78
what has a me consciousness
individualist culture
79
what has a we consciousness
collectivist culture
80
what is the communication of shared cultural practices, beliefs, and values from generation to generation
socialization
81
what is verbally precise, direct, and explicit
low-context communication style
82
what uses indirect verbal expression
high-context communication style
83
what is the acceptability of unequal distribution of power
power-distance dimension
84
what is divided into various levels of power that put distance between the haves and have nots
stratified
85
what is called a horizontal culture, values relatively equal power sharing and discourages attention to status differences and ranking in society
low PD culture
86
what is called a vertical culture, relatively strong emphasis on maintaining power distances
High PD culture
87
what is the notion that ones own culture is superior to any other
ethnocentrism
88
what views cultures as merely different not deficient
cultural relativism
89
what is intellectual movement that promotes the value of diversity as a core principle and insists that all cultural groups be treated with respect and as equals
multiculturism
90
what posits that when strangers first meet their principal goal is to reduce uncertainty and to increase predictability
uncertainty reduction theory
91
what comes from the unfamiliarity of new cultural surrounding, rules, norms, and practices
culture shock, acculturative stress
92
what refers to differences that separate people
divergence
93
what refers to similarities that connect us to others
convergence
94
what is biology, genes, gonads, and hormones
sex
95
what is social role behavior learned from communicating with others
gender
96
what is the intersection of gender and culture serves as the basis for a third deep structural value
masculine-feminine dimension
97
what exhibits steotypic masculine traits such as male dominance, ambitiousness, assertiveness, and competitiveness
masculine culture
98
what exhibits stereotypic feminine traits such as affection, nurturance, sensitivity, compassion, emotional expression
feminine cultures
99
what is having sexual intercourse when you don't want to
compliant sex
100
what is the assertion that men and women communicate in vastly divergent ways
gender differences hypothesis
101
what is having difficulty and fears about expressing one's feelings and difficulty finding words to express basic emotions
emotionally restrictive
102
what is some researchers don't think gender differences in communication are significant
gender similarities hypothesis
103
what magnifies even small gender differences
gender role stereotypes
104
what is the structured system of symbols for communicating meaning
language
105
what is the set of rules that specify how the units of language can be meaningfully combined
grammar
106
what are the individual units of sound that ocmpose a specific spoken language
phonemes
107
what is a part of grammer that describes the patterns of sound in a language
phonology
108
what is the smallest unit of meaning in language
morpheme
109
what is the part of grammar that describes how morphemes are constructed meaningfully from phonemes
morphology
110
what is a morpheme that may be a stand alone word
free morpheme
111
what is a morpheme that is a unity of meaning
bond morpheme
112
what are rules that govern combining words into phrases and phrases into sentences
syntax
113
what is the set of rules that governs the meaning of words and sentences
semantics
114
what are arbitrary representations of objects, events, ieas, or relationships
symbols
115
what are the objects events idease or relationships reffered to by the words
referents
116
what is total vocabulary
lexicon
117
what is the capacity to transform a small number of phonemes into whatever words, phrases, and sentences that you require to communicate your abundance of thoughts and feelings
productivity
118
what is the ability to talk abouth things not in the physical here and now
displacement
119
what is the ability to use language to talk about language
self relexive
120
what is the process whereby we formulate increasingly vague conceptions of our world by leaving out details associated with objects events and ideas
abstracting
121
what are verbal reports that sketch what we perceive from our sense
descriptions
122
what are the conclusions about the unknown based on the known
inferences
123
what are subjective evaluations of objects, events, or ideas
judgments
124
what language makes women virtually invisible and brands them as less powerful and less important
gender biased language
125
what is a name or a descriptive word or phrase
label
126
what is influence wording has on our perception of choices
framing
127
what is an automatic, emotional response to a symbol
signal reaction
128
what is a personal meaning
connotation
129
what is a shared meaning
denotations
130
what is a delayed, thoughful response that seeks to decipher the user's inteded meaning of a word
semantic reaction
131
what is using either or language to frame a choice as though only two opposite ossibilities exist when a least there is a third
false diochotomy
132
what grounds a label by specifying which measurable behaviors or experiences are subsumed under the label and which are ruled out
operational definition
133
what refers to the practice of remaining stuck at one level of abstraction
dead-level abstracting
134
what is it when you assume that everyone assigns the same meaning to a word without checking to see if it is true
by passing
135
what is a form of linguistic novocain whereby word choices numb us to our camouflage unpleasant or offensive realities
euphemism
136
what is highly informal words not in standard usage that are employed by a group with common interest
slang
137
what is sharing meaning with others nonlinguistically
nonverbal communication
138
what is it when you expect most messages to be deceptive
lie bias
139
what are inconsistencies between verbal and nonverbal messages
mixed messages
140
what is a perceived advantage accorded those who are viewed as attractive
beauty bias
141
what are the right and left sides match each other
bilateral symmetry
142
what is the smaller the waist is compared to the hips
waist to hip ratio
143
appears to be relatively broad shoulders and narrow waist and hips
wedge shape
144
what is the study of both facial communication and gestures
kinesics
145
what is blinking, eye contact study called
oculesics
146
what is it called when facial expressions effect emotions
facial feedback hypothesis
147
what re gestures made by one part of the body
manipulation
148
what are culture specific prescriptions that dictate the appropriateness of behaviors
display rules
149
what are gestures that help explain what a person says to another person
illustrators
150
what is the study of touch
haptics
151
what is the least intense form of touching
functional-professional touch
152
what occurs during initial introductions, business relationships, formal occassions
social-polite touching
153
what is the most ambiguous form of touching and leads to the most understandings between people
friendship-warmth touch
154
what is reserved only for a very few special individuals
love and intimacy touch
155
what are vocal cues
paralanguage
156
what is the influence that distance and territoriality
proxemics
157
what is a predisposition to defend a fixed geographic area or territory
territoriality
158
what is the process of receiving constructing meaning from and responding to spoken or nonverbal messages
listening
159
what is shared meaning between or among parties in a transaction
comprehension
160
what is it when listeners must be able to discern breaks between recognizable words
speech segmentation
161
what is the physiological process of registering sound waves as they hit the eardrum
hearing
162
what is it called when your cramming
information bulimia
163
what is the rate at which we no longer retain information in our memort
forgetting curve
164
what is a competitive vying for attention and focus on self by shifting topics
shift response
165
what is the tendency of listerners to turn the topics of ordinary conversations to themselves without showing sustained interest in others' conversations
conversational narcissism
166
what is the cooperative effort to focus attention on the other person
support response
167
what occurs when one person stops speaking when another person starts speaking
interrupting
168
what occurs when we dominate the conversation by seizing the floor from others who are speaking
competitive interrupting
169
what occurs when listeners' attention wanders and daydreaming occus
glazing over
170
what is pretend listening
pseudolistening
171
what occurs whn we listen for weaknesses and ignore strengths of a speaker's message
ambushing
172
what is the process of evaluating the merits of claims as they are heard
critical listening
173
what is a generalization that remains to be proven
claim
174
what is the process of listening to claims evaluating evidence and reasoning supporting those claims and drawing conclusions based on possibilities
skepticism
175
what is a willingness to accept claims without solid reasoning or valid evidence and to hold these beliefs tenaciously even if a googol on contradictory evidence disputes them
true belief
176
what is naysaying, fault finding, and ridiculing
cynicism
177
what is someone who smells flowers and looks fora coffin
cynic
178
what is the tendency to seek information that supports ones beliefs and to ignore information that contradicts those beliefs
confirmation bias
179
what is inventing superficial, even lame, alternative explanations for contradictory evidence
rationalization of disconfirmation
180
what is inappropriately assuming the validity of a claim unless it is proven false by another person who never made the original claim
shiftend the burden of proof
181
what is the obligation of the person making the claim to present compelling evidence and reasoning to support it
burden of proof
182
what is the law that with large enough numbers almost anything is likely to happen
law of very large numbers
183
what is it when competing explanation or theories fit the facts
principle of parsimony
184
what is it requires us to take the perspective of the other person to listen for what that person needs and wants
empathic listening
185
what are the types of initial verbal reactions we make when another person comes to us with a problem reveals a frustrating event
response styles
186
what makes a judgment about the person's conduct
evaluative response
187
what tells people how they should act
advising response
188
what is it when we express what we think is the underlying meaning of a situation presented to us
interpreting response
189
what comprehends the literal meaning of messages from others but doesn't recognize the feelings that ride piggyback
content only response
190
what seeks more information from others by asking questions
probing response
191
what includes expressions of care, concern, affection, and interest
supporting response
192
what requires a listener to check his or her preceptions for comprehension of the speaker's message
understanding response
193
what is it when you begin with a behavior description follow with an interpretation of the behavior
perception chekcing
194
wha is a concise response to the speaker which states the essence of the others content in the listeners words
paraphrasing
195
what enhances the person's self esteem and confidence
confirming response
196
what type of responses diminish the person and reduce confidence
disconfirming
197
what is the exercise of power over others
dominance
198
what is the power used to thwart the influence of others
prevention
199
what is the power derived from enhancing the capabilities, choices, and influence of individuals and groups
empowerment
200
what indicates that the person who cares less about continuing a relationship is typically recognized as having more power
principle of least interest
201
what is anything that enables individuals to achieve their goals, assists others to achieve their goals or interferes with the goal attainment of others
power resource
202
what is someone who is perceived to have a right to direct others' behavior because of his or her position, title, role, experience, or knowledge
legitimate authoritiy
203
what are personal attributes that people find attractive
charisma
204
what is any physical or verbal communication that is inteded to inflict harm
agression
205
what is hostile communication that targets the victim openly such as pushing shoving physically assaulting or shouting insults
direct aggression
206
what is hostile communication that intends to harm a targeted person while avoiding indentification as an aggressor such as gossipping spreading rumors or sabotaging behine the victims back
indirect aggression
207
what is generally defined as verbal of nonverbal communication of a sexual nature
sexual harrassment
208
what occurs when the more powerful person requires sexual favors from the less powerful person in exchange for keeping a job
quid pro quo harrassment
209
an environment not free from discriminatory insult, ridicule, or intimidation
hostile environment harrassment
210
what is unambiguous purposeful noncompliance
defiance
211
what is the ability to communicate the full range of your thought and emotions with confidence and skill
assertiveness
212
what is a form of empowerment in which people of similar backgrounds, skills, and goals come together on a fairly regular basis and share information
networking
213
what is engaging in a process of deliberation with understanding and problem solving as ultimate goals
cooperative argumentation
214
what are knowledgable individuals who have achieved some success in their profession or job and who assist peope trying to get started in a line of work
mentors
215
what are attachments we make early on in life
attachment theory
216
what is it when we are drawn to individuals who seem to share our interest values aattitudes and peronalities
similarity attraction theory
217
what is a cost benefits analysis that weighs the benefits of a particular relationship against any costs incurred
exchange theory
218
what is a connection two people have to each other because of kinship
interpersonal relationship
219
what is a type of interpersonal relationship that is characterized by strong emotional bonding lcoseness and interdependence
intimate relationships
220
what is the theory explaining the three elements of love, intimacy passion, and commitment
triangular theory
221
what is any event or occurrence that is associated with change in a relationship
turning point
222
what is a positive reaction to the bid
turning toward response
223
what is an overtly negativie rejection of a connecting bid
turning against response
224
what occurs when we ignore a bid or act preoccupied when a bid is offered
turning away response
225
what is it to try again after an initial bid has been ignored or rejected
rebid
226
what are value judgments made about individuals and about their actions
evaluations
227
what is the creation of excuses that absolves us of blame
self justification
228
what is a first person report of how we feel what we perceive to be true in specific situation and what behaviors we desire from others
description
229
what does it mean that more someone tries to controll our behavior and restrict our choices the more we are inclined to resist such efforts especially if we feel entitled to choose
psychological reactance
230
what is an attempt by one person to maneuver another toward the manipulator's goal
manipulative communication
231
what means qualifying your statement by avoiding absolutes
provisionalism
232
what is defined as pay for work at an alterante site
telecommuting
233
what is hearing only half the conversation
halfalogue
234
what are graphic notations that indicate emotional information
emoticons
235
what is a cyberterm for an abusive attacking written message between internet users
flaming
236
what is a learned predisposition to respond facorably or unfavorably toward some object
attitude
237
what is what a person thinks is true or probable
belief
238
what is the most deeply felt, generally shared view of what is deemed good right or worthwhile thinking or behavior
value
239
what are characteristics such as age gender culture and ehnicity
demographics
240
what are generalizations based on age
generation gap
241
what identifies the overall foal of your speech
general purpose
242
what is a concise precise infinitive phrase composed of simple clear language that encompasses both the general purpose and the central idea and indicates what the speaker is hoping to accomplish
specific purpose statement
243
what is a search tool that combines internet technology and standard library techniques for cataloguing
virtual library
244
what will send your keyword request to several search engines at once
metasearch engine
245
what is an internet tool in which humans edit indexes of web pages that match
directory
246
what identifies the main concept point or issue that you want the audience to understand believe or feel
central idea
247
what are the examples, statistics, and testimoney used to bolster a speakers viewpoint
supporting materials
248
what describes an imaginary situation
hypothetical example
249
what describes actual occurences
real examples
250
what is a detailed story or illustration
extended examples
251
what is implicitly or explicitly presenting a claim and providing support for that claim with reasoning and evidence
argument
252
what is the thought process of drawing conclusions from supporting materials
reasoning
253
what consists of supporting materials just discussed whose purpose is to bolster claims that are controversial
evidence
254
errors in evidence and reasoning
fallacies
255
what is evidence used to support claims is determined by its reliability and validiety
credibility
256
what is consistence
reliability
257
what is accuracy
validity
258
what means it must directly related to those claims
relevance
259
what is a personal attack on the messenger to avoid the message
ad hominem fallacy
260
what is basing a claim on popular opinion
ad populum fallacy
261
what is a portion of the population chosen in such a manner that every member of the entire population has an equal chance of being selected
sample
262
what attracts the most committed, aroused, or motivated individuals to fill out surveys on their own ans answer polling questions
self selected ample
263
what is praising a product you have used
testimonial
264
what is a measure of the degree of sampling error accounted for by imperfections in sample selection
margin of error
265
what is it when you draw a conclusion based on too few or unrepresentative samples
hasty generalization
266
what is consisten relationship between two variables
correlation
267
what is anything that can change
variable
268
what is fear of public speaking and the nervousness that accompanies that fear
speech anxiety
269
what is labeled the physiological defense alarm process triggered by stress
fight or flight response
270
what occurs when the intensity of the fight or flight response prevents an individual from giving a speech effectively
dysfunctional speech anxiety
271
what occurs when the fight or flight response is managed and stimulates an optimum presentation
functional speech anxiety
272
what is an attempt to satisfy an audience of critics whose members are focused of evaluating your work
performance
273
what focuses on making your message clear and interesting to your listeners
communication orientation
274
to prepare for a speech by thinking positively
visualization
275
what is a technique to control anxiety
systematic desensitization
276
what is humor that makes gentle fun of one's own failings and limitations
self deprecation
277
what is a question asked by speaker not intended to be said outloud
rhetorical question
278
what is composed of the words you choose to express your thoughts and the ways you use language to bring your thought to life for an audience
style
279
what is an implied compariso of two seemingly dissimilar things
metaphor
280
what is the use of two or more vastly different metaphors in a single expression
mixed metaphor
281
what is an explicit comparison of two seemingly dissimilar things using the word like or as
simile
282
the use of opposites to create an impact
antithesis
283
audience feels according to speakers tone
emotional contagion
284
the insertion of um ah like you know know what i mean
vocal fillers
285
what is delivered without preparation
impromptu speech
286
what is delivered from a prepared outline or notes
extemp speech
