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Message Processing > Midterm > Flashcards

Midterm Flashcards

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1
Q

What is Communicology?

A

The study of the process of communication and the uses of communication

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2
Q

What common element is the shared symbol system?

A

Like speaking english with you speaking and the receiver listening.

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3
Q

What is the problem with the shared symbol system?

A

They’re not always available (like charades).

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4
Q

What is Encoding & Decoding?

A

Encoding making your message and conveying it in such a way that the receiver can decode and understand.

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5
Q

What is the problem with encoding and decoding?

A

It doesn’t suggest variability in extent of cognitive mediation (i.e, how much does communication rely on cognition?

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6
Q

What common element is moving messages from A to B?

A

The most common description of a message; the notion of “moving” a message from A to B.

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7
Q

What is the problem with movement of message from A to B?

A

Meaning doesn’t just move from A to B.

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8
Q

What is the primary function of Communication?

A

The activation of meme states in another.

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9
Q

What is the secondary function of Communication?

A

The creation of isomorphic meme state across two or more people (create understanding)

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10
Q

What is the Tertiary function of Communication?

A

To influence others.

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11
Q

What is a Meme?

A

A unit of meaning; A unit of cultural transmission; A replicator (Richard Dawkins); that has cognitive, attitudinal, value-based, and affective components.

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12
Q

What is the MESSAGE PROCESSING definition of Communication?

A

Communication is the process by which entities observe and exhibit social stimuli in order to activate, create or ascertain meme states in other entities with the goal of creating isomorphic meme states with those entities.

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13
Q

What is the Sperber & Wilson (Relevance) definition of Communication (MP)?

A

Communication is a process involving TWO INFORMATION-PROCESSING DEVICES. One device modifies the PHYSICAL ENVIRONMENT of the other. As a result, the second device constructs representations similar to representations ALREADY STORED in the first device.

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14
Q

What are the one of the advantages of the Message Processing Definition?

A

It encompasses and calls GREATER ATTENTION to the GROUNDING function of communication in which participants endeavor to associate an agreed-upon meaning with stimuli.

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15
Q

What is the other advantage of Message Processing Definition?

A

Places LOCUS OF MEANING in the interaction between stimuli and communicator, not in the message (i.e messages do not mean anything; they activate meaning)

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16
Q

What is the Grounding Function?

A

The act of conveying of an idea that a messenger knows but the receiver simply does not, using other idea’s that a receiver already knows.

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17
Q

What is Locus of Meaning?

A

The Being able to send your message between stimuli and communicator without having a shared symbol (two japanese people talking with you in the middle)

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18
Q

How is meaning being sent?

A

Stimuli with meme activation potential (MAP) is CAST to the proximal environment of the intended communicative participant

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19
Q

What is Meme Activation Potential?

A

A message that can potential activate an idea in someone else’s head.

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20
Q

What does Message Processing focuses on?

A

It focuses attention on isomorphic meme states as a top level function of communication.

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21
Q

What is Isomorphic Meme State?

A

Creating understanding.

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22
Q

True or false: All levels of mediation are relevant.

A

True: meme activation can occur with varying degrees of mindfulness.

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23
Q

Why do we Communicate?

A

To confer survival. (Evolution)

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24
Q

What did Tomasello say about cooperation?

A

Cooperation evolved because humans’ unique forms of collaborative activity.

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25
How does cooperation in humans differ than Great Apes?
Recursive intention reading (mind reading) and a tendency to offer help/information freely
26
What is human collaborative activity characterized by?
Group Activity, intentional structure, joint goal, complementary roles, and often equal sharing of outcomes.
27
What is Group Activity?
It's a number of people with a common goal
28
What is Intentional Structure?
Deliberate creation of a structure (roles, etc)
29
What is equal share of outcomes?
Everyone benefiting (or not) from shared activities
30
What does Coordinated intentionality require?
Making another aware of our needs, what we want them to do, and making them aware that we want them to be aware (get their attention)
31
What does Mind Reading infer?
It infers what others are thinking and what they know about your thinking.
32
What is the Theory of Mind?
The notion that we attribute minds to things other than ourselves.
33
What is an Agent?
Something that we think are self-propelled and has goal directedness.
34
What do we do when the goal is not obvious?
We infer "interior" or invisible goals, i.e., minds
35
What the ToM capabilities of Great Apes?
Be aware that others have intentions/goals, see others as agents, and seem to use some form of perception-goal psychology
36
How does a Great Apes' ToM seems to differ from humans?
Great apes lack skill & motivation to form Joint Goals with others, does not seem to focus joint attention, nor participate with others in shared intentionality, and they have no recursive mind reading
37
What are the other features of human collaborative behavior?
Recursive inferences (common ground), freely informing others (thus increasing common ground) which fosters, and mutual exceptions of helpfulness.
38
What is Mutualism?
it provides the initial motivation for granting requests and freely informing.
39
What does Mutualism leads to?
Reciprocity and indirect reciprocity
40
What does reciprocity and indirect reciprocity do?
it enhances perceptions of being a cooperative partner, garnering more cooperation in return.
41
What is Cultural Group Selection?
The sharing of emotions & attitudes not for simply informative purposes but to elicit same from other.
42
What does Cultural Group Selection do?
It increases common ground, solidifies group membership (and differentiates group from others, and manifests in a need to "mirror" others.
43
What kind of modules did the brain have?
Perception, action and cognition
44
True or False: The brain uses a logical thought process?
True
45
What did Giacomo Rizzolatti's research with monkeys yield?
A monkey's premotor cortex fired when watching others reach for food, much like the neurons in premotor cortex fired when the monkey reached for its own food.
46
What is Mirror Neurons?
Class of neurons that fire not only when individual performs action or thinks of performing action but also when observing another perform the same action (to include hearing)
47
What did research with humans yield?
The apparent ability of Mirror Neurons is to ascertain intentions, not actions (seeing actions, not simply behaviors), different brain activity for picking up a cup as a function of context (drinking vs. cleaning).
48
What did Mirror Neurons and 'grasping a cup' tell us?
We do not see "grasp cup" so much as "grasp cup to drink" and "grasp cup to clean." Grasping a cup produced different levels of activation in MN system.
49
What are implications of MN in humans?
Stimuli activate a complex of PROJECTED intentions and motivation; activate a complex of EXPERIENCED intentions/motivation, and is related to our ability to empathize, and socialize with others.
50
True or false: MN have more severe but consistent activity for people with Autism?
False, it is more severe and/or reduced activity in MN system.
51
What is the McGurk Effect?
It's when sight clashes (contridicts) with what you hear and vice versa.
52
What does Lieberman argue?
Mirror Neurons recognize goals, intentions, and motivation but only at LOW LEVELS (the most basic).
53
When does Lieberman's MENTALIZING SYSTEM activate?
When we try to determine another person's higher level goals and intentions (i.e. when we are thinking about social stimuli), and when the mind is at rest (default state of brain)
54
What does the brain do when it is doing "nothing?"
It is IOW mentalizing about social stimuli and relationships
55
What does the Mirror Neuron system address?
WHAT questions (what is he doing? Primate experience)
56
What does Mentalizing System address?
WHY questions (Why is he doing that? Human experience)
57
True or false: All communication is mediated.
True.
58
Why is a Medium necessary?
To induce in another the SENSORY STIMULATION that is meant to evoke intended memes.
59
What does a CODE contributes to?
the efficiency of the communicative process.
60
What is CODE?
Empirical simuli that are structurally related and used in a systematic and consistent manner to evoke similar memes across various media.
61
What is Code Interfacing?
Accommodates needs of first-order mediated settings ("unmediated" or face-to-face communication); interacting directly (i.e minimal augmentation) with human senses.
62
What is code transmitting?
Accommodates needs of message casting across media; often a function of media employed (electrical signals over coax; light over fiber)
63
What is the properties of Interface Code?
Syntactic Rigidity, Syntactic Complexity, Commonality of Use, Limits to Topicality, and Capacity for Novel Expression.
64
What is Syntactic Rigidity?
How fixed the code is. It uses Law, rules and norms.
65
What is Syntactic Complexity?
How complex a code could be.
66
What is Intracodal and intercodal??
Intra: within. Inter: External
67
What is Commonality of Use?
How widely a code is used.
68
What is limits to Topicality?
What can you communicate with possessed code?
69
What is the Capacity for Novel Expression?
The ability to generate new code.
70
What is the Mathematical Notation System (in code)?
A communicative code.
71
What is the Musical Notation System?
Another communicative code
72
What is Kinesic code?
The usage of our body to convey meaning
73
What is Proxemic code?
The usage of space to convey meaning
74
What is Vocalic code?
The usage of voices (outside speaking) to convey meaning (like purring)
75
What is Haptic Code?
The usage of touch (intimacy & hostility) to convey a message
76
What is Chronemic Code?
The usage of time to convey meaning.
77
What is physical appearance (for Human Interface Code)?
The usage of someone's appearance to convey a message
78
What is Olfactory Code?
The usage of smell to convey meaning.
79
What is Artifacts & environment (for Human Interface Code)?
the usage of ones possessions to convey meaning.
80
What is a Medium?
Any portion of the electromagnetic spectrum or any material that can be systematically altered by a communicator (or communication device) with some degree of stability
81
What does Medium do?
It casts stimuli into the proximal environment of another communicator (or communication device) or it stores stimuli or encode stimuli for purposes of message durability and transportability.
82
Why can't a medium serve as a communicative function by itself?
Because you have to do something to that medium first (i.e blank paper)
83
What are the two components of a media system?
Constant and Variable
84
What can you refer the Constant and Variable as?
Binary code or Morse Code
85
What is Distribution Function?
Enables message casting (like Broadcasting); movement of stimuli ("message") from point A to B.
86
What is the Conduit Function?
Allows movement of message within medium; medium does not move. (think plumbing, coaxial, fiber optic)
87
What is the Carrier Function?
Messages recorded on medium; medium itself is transported. (think Recorder, DVR, Phone)
88
What is the Interface Function?
It translates the message from transmission code to interface code; makes a message accessible to receiver (think User Interface)
89
What is the Storage Function?
Allows message to be retained over time, i.e. allows movement of message from time 1 to time 2 (carrier media are storage media, too)
90
What are the properties of Distribution Media?
Bandwidth, Message Distribution Speed, User Control over Message Casting
91
What is Message?
Any Stimuli designed and organized to stimulate particular memes in another.

Message Processing (1 decks)

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