MIDTERM Flashcards
(50 cards)
The ability of a substance to cause harmful effects is referred to as:
A. Toxicity
B. Hazard
C. Side Effect
D. Therapeutic Effect
A. Toxicity
The individual credited with recognizing the concept of Dose- Response relations is:
A. Hippocrates
B. Galen
C. Paracelsus
D. Orfila
C. Paracelsus
Which of the following is a major target organ for the toxic effects of ingested chemicals:
A. Brain
B. Kidney
C. Bone Marrow
D. Liver
D. Liver
The amount of a substance that shoes up in the blood stream is known as the:
A. Exposure dose
B. Toxic dose
C. Therapeutic dose
D. Absorbed dose
D. Absorbed dose
Which of the following is/are correct regarding fractionating a total dose?
A. Intensity of toxic effects will decrease
B. Intensity of the therapeutic effect will increase
C. Intensity of side-effects will increase
D. A and B above are correct
E. A, B and C above are correct
A. Intensity of toxic effects will decrease
When extrapolating animal data to apply to humans, the most common Safety factor used is:
A. 1
B. 10
C. 100
D. 1000
B. 10
The minimal dose at which a toxic effect first appears is known as the:
A. Toxic dose
B. Absorbed dose
C. Effective dose
D. Lethal dose
A. Toxic dose
Which of the following is NOT CORRECT regarding knowledge of the Dose-Response relationship for a chemical?
A. The Threshold Doses for each the chemicals effects can be determined.
B. The rate of buildup of the effects with increasing doses can be determined
C. The degree of metabolism and storage of the chemical in the body can be determined
D. The Therapeutic Index can be determined
C. The degree of metabolism and storage of the chemical in the body can be determined.
The quantity of a substance administered to an individual over a period of time is known as the:
A. Exposure dose
B. Absorbed dose
C. Therapeutic dose
D. Total dose
D. Total dose
The Margins of Safety for a therapeutic chemical is determined by which of the following ratios:
A. LD50/ED50
B. LD1/ED99
C. ED99/LD1
D. ED50/LD50
B. LD1/ED99
Therapeutic agents that are considered to be relatively safe and therefore have no need for monitoring have Therapeutic Indices:
A. Less than 1
B. = 1
C. Between 1 and 10
D. Greater than 10
D. Greater than 10
The route of exposure that has the greatest potential for toxic effects upon accidental overdose is:
A. Inhalation/ respiratory
B. Intravenous injection
C. Intramuscular Injection
D. Ingestion/ Gastrointestinal
B. Intravenous injection
Which of the following factors is the MOST important determinant of the intensity of toxic effects?
A. Target Site concentration of the chemical
B. Gender of the individual exposed to the chemical
C. Age of the individual exposed to the chemical
D. Body weight of the individual exposed to the chemical
A. Target Site concentration of the chemical
The unintentional route of exposure to chemicals that produces the fastest effects is which of the following?
A. Gastrointestinal exposure
B. Dermal exposure
C. Inhalation exposure
C. Inhalation exposure
Which of the following is NOT CORRECT regarding the role of the liver in chemical toxicity?
A. Hepatic biotransformation generally reduces toxicity
B. Liver enzymes never cause an increase in toxicity
C. The detoxification process generally results in forming hydrophilic metabolites
D. The liver is a major target organ for toxicity for ingested chemicals.
B. Liver enzymes never cause an increase in toxicity
Lipophilic chemicals (eg. DDT) are preferentially distributed from blood into which of the following storage tissues?
A. Adipose
B. Brain
C. Bone
D. Liver
A. Adipose
Which of the following categories includes chemicals that will not cause toxic effects at any dose level?
A. Prescription medications B. Non-Prescription medications C. Vitamins D. Health Supplements E. None of the above
E. None of the above
Which of the following routes of exposure that will cause the greatest magnitude of a toxic effect?
A. Intra-venous injection
B. Intra-muscular injection
C. Dermal exposure
D. Ingestion
A. Intra-venous injection
The undesired effects that reproduced when the dose of a medication is within the recommended dose range are referred to as __________:
A. Lethal effects
B. Toxic effects
C. Side effects
D. Therapeutic effects
C. Side effects
Majority of medications, particularly those marked OTC, have a Therapeutic Index of ___:
A. >10
B. 5-10
C. 1-5
D.
A. >10
In general, the ability of any chemical to produce systemic (not local) toxic effects is primarily dependent upon which of the following factors:
A. Amount of detoxification enzymes in the liver
B. Thickness of the stratum corneum
C. Concentration of free chemical in plasma
D. Volume of urine output over 24 hours
C. Concentration of free chemical in plasma
Which of the following will most likely cause the intensity of a toxic effect to decrease?
A. Reducing the thickness of the skin by shaving.
B. Decreased distribution to adipose tissue
C. Reducing water intake
D. Increasing liver enzyme activity by smoking.
D. Increasing liver enzyme activity by smoking
When a toxic effect manifests following several years of exposure to a chemical the effect is known as:
A. Acute toxicity
B. Sub-acute toxicity
C. Sub-chronic toxicity
D. Chronic toxicity
D. Chronic toxicity
The major difference between acute and chronic toxicity is:
A. Acute toxicity occurs after a single dose whereas chronic toxicity occurs after multiple doses.
B. The target organs for toxicity are different.
C. Acute toxicity appears soon after exposure whereas chronic toxicity occurs many months or years later.
D. Acute toxic effects are unpredictable whereas chronic toxic effects are predictable
C. Acute toxicity appears soon after exposure whereas chronic toxicity occurs many months or years later
