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Chemistry > Midterm > Flashcards

Midterm Flashcards

1
Q

What is chemistry/ definition/ where did it come from?

A
  • Came from alchemy, and the quest for the elixir of life

- the study of matter and the changes it undergoes

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2
Q

scientific method

A

techniques used to investigate and acquire new knowledge

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3
Q

what does chem effect?

A

effects the everyday aspects of our life

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4
Q

matter

A

anything with mass or volume

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5
Q

intensive property/ what can they do

A

don’t change if the quantity of the substance changes. they can be used to identify that substance

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6
Q

extensive property/ what can they do

A

Ex: mass or volume, do change depending on the amount of matter. can’t be used to determine a substance, alone

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7
Q

density

A

the mass of a substance per unit of volume

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8
Q

what can be ways to find the density of an object

A

-calculating density, D= mass/ volume

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9
Q

chromatography

A

a way to separate chemical mixtures

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10
Q

the act of purifying a substance by heating or cooling

A

distillation

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11
Q

filtration

A

a porous device used to remove impurities from a liquid or gas

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12
Q

fractional distillation

A

separation of a liquid mixture into fractions differing in boiling point, by means of distillation, typically using a fraction column

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13
Q

chemical change

A

changes a substance into a different substance

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14
Q

what are signs of chemical change

A

solid formation (precipitation), Gas Bubbles (effervescence) (fizz in soda), color change, temperature change

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15
Q

law of conservation of mass

A

mass cannot be gained or lost in a chemical reaction. matter cannot be created or destroyed

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16
Q

copper cycle

A
  • proves the law of conservation of mass to be correct

- atoms are rearranged and accounted for

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17
Q

physical change

A

any change not involving the change into a new substance

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18
Q

chemical change

A

any change that results in the formation of new chemical substances

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19
Q

hypothesis

A

an explanation that is proposed for a phenomenon

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20
Q

propertys

A

boiling/ melting point, density, flammability

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21
Q

Democritus

A

-proposed that all matter was composed of tiny particles that couldn’t be divided any further

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22
Q

Dalton

A
  • atoms could explain why elements come together in specific ratio’s, when they form compounds
  • solid sphere model
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23
Q

Thompson

A
  • Plum Pudding Model
  • zapped atoms w/ electricity and observed that neg. charged particles were removed
  • reasoned that atoms contained neg charged particles called electrons
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24
Q

Rutherford

A
  • Nuclear model
    • identified nucleus, said that protons were inside
    • gold foil experiment
  • Proton model
    • nucleus must be made of protons
    • electrons orbit nucleus full of protons
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25
chadwick
- Discovered neutrons (W/ rutherford | - nuclear model showing both protons and neutrons in nucleus
26
Bohr
- Solar System Model | - energy levels that are different distances from the nucleus
27
Heisenberg and Schrodinger
- Electron Cloud model - said that the location of an electron could not be stated at any given time - is only possible to talk of the probability of it falling in a certain place (Denser around the center)
28
mass number =
protons + neutrons
29
avg atomic mass is the
- avg weight of many atoms | - not a whole number
30
an isotope is
- an atom of the same element - different number of neutrons - different mass number - has the same: atomic number, protons, electrons, and name
31
radioactive isotopes have___ nuclei and undergo ______
unstable, and radioactive decay
32
fission
nucleus splits into 2 smaller ones - is a source of energy - an un controlled chain reaction can cause a nuclear explosion
33
fusion
2 nuclei fuse together to create 1 nucleus - often involves helium nuclei - occurs in outer space - source of the suns energy
34
radioactive decay
elements become new elements when the number of protons in the nucleus change
35
Beta particles
electrons, a neutron turns into an electron and a proton
36
gamma radiation
electromagnetic radiation, no change in nuclear particles
37
atomic theory
theory that all matter is made up of tiny invisible particles
38
radioactive decay
process of ejecting or emitting pieces from the nucleus of an atom
39
alpha particle
consists of 2 protons and 2 neutrons, it is the same as a nucleus of helium, bc of the 2 protons
40
Alpha Decay
Involves the ejection of an alpha particle from the nucleus of an atom
41
Beta Decay
Involves the ejection of an electron from the nucleus of an atom
42
Beta Particle
Electron that is ejected from the nucleus of an atom. neutron is split in 1/2, giving one electron and 1 proton. the proton stay behind in the nucleus while the electron is ejected
43
gamma rays
radiation that is similar to light micro waves and x rays, are bigger and higher in energy. (VERY DANGEROUS)
44
nucleosynthesis
the cosmic formation of atoms more complex than the hydrogen atom.
45
parent isotope
the starting isotope in radioactive decay
46
daughter isotope
resulting isotope in radioactive decay
47
similarities between isotope and element
Atomic number, protons, electrons, element name
48
Differences between isotope and element
Neutrons atomic mass of each isotope
49
atomic number is found ____ on an element symbol
Subscript
50
mass of number is found ____ of an element symbol
superscript
51
yellow orange flame
sodium
52
green blue flame
Copper
53
Lilac flame
Potassium
54
Red flame
Strontium, Lithium
55
electron shells
- increase in energy as you move up away from nucleus - period number tells you amount of shells - 1st shell contains 2 electrons - 2nd shell contains 8 electrons - valence electrons are electrons in outer most shell - core electrons are the electron in the inner shell(s) - noble gases have 8 valence electrons, very stable
56
if an atom is charged it____
gains or loses electrons
57
to form an ion, atoms must ____
loose or gain electrons
58
for an atom to become stable, it must have ____
a full valence shell of electrons
59
what is a cation
- positive ion - is a metal - group 1A,2A,3A
60
what is an anion
- negative ions - is a nonmetal - Group 7A, 6A, 5A
61
valence electron
an electron that is located in the valence shell (outermost shell)
62
core electron
electrons that are not located in the valence shell, don't participate in bonding
63
ion
an atom that has a net charge of positive or negative
64
ionic compound
a chemical compound, when a compound is held together, and has a neutral overall charge
65
changes in matter are accompanied by
changes in energy
66
heat is transferred because of
changes in energy
67
energy tends to ___
disperse
68
what is the difference between temp. and heat
heat is the total energy of an object, temperature is a measure of the energy an object has
69
substances with a low specific heat can ____
be heated and cooled easier, using a smaller amount of energy
70
what happens to heat during a phase change
heat enters or leaves the object, depending on which way heat is being transferred (Melting or solidifying)

Chemistry (10 decks)

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