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Biology IAC > Midterm > Flashcards

Midterm Flashcards

(89 cards)

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1
Q

Monomers

A

individual molecules

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2
Q

Polymers

A

multiple molecules

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3
Q

Organic Compounds

A

carbon based

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4
Q

Inorganic Compounds

A

do not contain carbon, water!

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5
Q

Cohesion

A

water sticks to itself

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6
Q

Adhesion

A

water sticks to others

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7
Q

Capillary Action

A

adhesion and cohesion working together

EX. In the straw

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8
Q

High Specific Heat

A

water holds on to the hot and cold temperatures

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9
Q

Surface Tension

A

light layer on top of water because of cohesion

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10
Q

Universal Solvent

A

… because water is polar

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11
Q

Deydration Synthesis

A

the process of joining two molecules (or compounds) together following the removal of water.

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12
Q

Hydrolysis

A

two molecules separating and using water to do so.

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13
Q

Covalent Bonds

A

two atoms share one or more pairs of outter shell electrons.

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14
Q

Ionic Bonds

A

attractions between ions of opposite charge.

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15
Q

Hydrogen Bonds

A

A type of weak chemical bond formed when the slightly positive hydrogen atom of a polar covalent bond in one molecule is attracted to the slightly negative atom of a polar covalent bond in another molecule.

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16
Q

Disaccharides

A

formed by dehydration synthesis and two monosaccharides.

EX. maltose, lactose, sucrose (C12H22O11)

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17
Q

Monosaccharides

A

individual carbohydrate molecule.

EX. glucose, frucose, galacose (C6H12O6)

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18
Q

Polysaccharides

A

thousands of monosaccharides linked together (carb.)
EX. Cellulose- enclose plant cells, Glycogen- store carbs short term, Chitin, Starch- plants store glucose for long term

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19
Q

Carbohydrate Purpose

A

supply energy and dietary fiber

** structural componet of cells: cell wall (cellulose- chains of glucose in cell wall)

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20
Q

Lipid Purpose

A

store energy, protection of organs, insulation for neurons

** Componet of cellular membranes

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21
Q

Catagories of Lipids

A

Fats, Oils, Waxes, Steroids

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22
Q

Saturated Fats

A

no double bonds so solid

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23
Q

Unsaturated Fats

A

double bonds so liquid

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24
Q

Triglicerides

A

lipid monomer, 1 glycerol and 3 fatty acids

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25
Phospholipid
1 glyerol, 2 fatty acids, 1 phosphate group | ** hydrophilic and hydrophobic ends**
26
Amino Acids
building blocks of proteins
27
Polypeptides
joined amino acids (proteins)
28
Protein Purpose
MANY: structure, transport, antibodies, enzymes, storage
29
Nucleic Acid Monomers
Nucleotides
30
Nucleic Acid examples
DNA, RNA, ATP
31
Nucleic Acid Roles
- contain genetic information passed on to new cells or during reproduction - instructions to make proteins - ATP
32
ATP
Adenosine + Ribose + 3 Phosphates = Adenosine Triphosphate.
33
DNA Nitrogen Bases
- Adenine - *Thymine* - Guanine - Cytosine
34
RNA Nitrogen Bases
- Adenine - *Uracil* - Guanine - Cytosine
35
Minerals
Inorganic
36
Vitamins
Organic
37
Fat Soluble
Stored in body and can be toxic.
38
Water Soluble
Cannot be stored and excess is flushed out daily.
39
Vitamin C
WWW, citrus, boost immune response, antioxidant, repair/ maintain tissues, WOUND HEALING Deficiency: Scurvy
40
Vitamin A
FFF, variety of f & v, eye sight, RNA, strong tissues bones blood and teeth.
41
Vitamin D
FFF, sunlight!, healthy bones and teeth, BONE GROWTH | Dificiency: rickets in children.
42
Vitamin E
FFF, leafty vegs, nuts, heart health, antioxidant, wound, helps blood clots.
43
Vitamin K
FFF, leafy vegs, cereals, HELPS BLOOD CLOTTING (in wounds), strong bones.
44
Competitive Inhabititions
enzyme blocked from substrate.
45
Noncompetive Inhabititions
nonc changes the shape so enzyme can not fit.
46
Fe/ Iron
Oxygention of red blood cells.
47
Zinc
organ growth and repair, protein synthesis, collagen formation, wound healing immune system.
48
Active Transport
Uses ATP to move up the concentration gradient from and area of low to high concentration.
49
Passive Transport
No energy is needed to move down the concentration gradient from an area of high to low concentration.
50
Plant Cells
cell wall, plastids, chloroplasts, one large vacuole.
51
Animal Cells
Cilla, lysosomes, smaller vacuoles.
52
Prokaryotic Cells
ribosomes, plasmid, flagella, cytoplasm, nucleoid, cell wall/ plasma mem./ capsule.
53
Catalyst
cause or accelerate (a reaction).
54
Excretory System
exits wastes.
55
Kidneys
nephrons, pull out bad/ excess substances to cleanse, nurish, and maintain water in your blood.
56
Coccus
round
57
Bacillus
bullet shapes
58
Spirillum
Spiral shaped
59
diplo-
two
60
strepto-
multiple in a chain
61
staphylo-
multiple clustered
62
tetra-
three
63
Botulism
highly toxic, little can kill NYC
64
Samonella
through dairy, meat, mayonaise
65
E-Coli
stickey hairs, through meats and produce
66
Light Microscope
passes visable light through a specimen.
67
Electron Microscope
uses a beam of electrons
68
Scanning Electron Microscope
used to study cell surface details.
69
Transmission Electron Microscope
used to study cell internal details.
70
Control
serves as a standard of comparison, most basic!!
71
Constant
factors that do not change.
72
Independent Group
what is being tested
73
Dependent Group
effect
74
Binary Fission
a parent prokaryote cell divides into two individuals of about equal size.
75
Mitosis
The division of a single cell into two genetically identical daughter nuclei.
76
Budding
an individual ndeveloped from an out growth of a parent splits off and lives independently.
77
Regeneration
the regrowth of body parts from pieces of an organism.
78
Nat Veg.
without
79
Art Veg.
Artificial
80
Peptide Bond
a covalent chemical bond formed between two amino acid molecules.
81
Polar vs. nonpolar molecules
**
82
What are minerals essential for?
Cellular Processes
83
cholesteral
Cholesterol and triglycerides are important fats (lipids) in the blood. Cholesterol is an essential component of cell membranes, brain and nerve cells, and bile, which helps the body absorb fats and fat-soluble vitamins.
84
Phospholipid bilayer
The bilayer creates a 'sandwich' style arrangement, where the hydrophilic heads of each layer face the watery environment inside and outside of the cell. This means that the hydrophobic tails are confined to the middle, creating a hydrophobic region between the two layers of heads. This allows for the plasma membrane to be stable in this dual watery environment.
85
Calcium
builds strong bones and teeth, clotting blood
86
Magnesium
skeletal strength, normal nerve and muscle function, supports a healthy immune system
87
Potassium
strengthens heart; is associated with a risk of high blood pressure, heart disease, stroke, arthritis, cancer, digestive disorders
88
hypertonic
when substances come out of cells
89
hypotonic
when substance go into cells

Biology IAC (4 decks)

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