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PTA 3 > Midterm > Flashcards

Midterm Flashcards

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1
Q

symptoms of chronic bronchitis

A 
Persistent cough 
Extreme mucus production 
Shortness of breath, especially with exercise 
Wheezing 
Chest tightness
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2
Q

define stable angina

A

goes away with rest and medication

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3
Q

define unstable angina

A

pain @ rest or activity (serious warning sign for heart attack)

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4
Q

HR max=

A

220-age

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5
Q

what is the Mediastinum

A

Space between the lungs which contains the heart, the aorta, and vena cava

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6
Q

5th cranial nerve responsible for regulating…

A

Heart rate
Force of each contraction
Cardiac output

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7
Q

what is the sinuatrial node?

A

group of cells positioned on the wall of the right atrium

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8
Q

what are the 4 most common vital signs?

A

HR, blood pressure, respiratory rate, and temperature

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9
Q

factors affecting heart rate

A 
Age
Gender
Environmental Temperature
Infection
Physical Activity
Emotional Status
Medications
Cardiopulmonary Disease
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10
Q

reference heart rate range

A

60 bpm (less is bradycardia) and 100 bpm (greater is tachycardia)

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11
Q

pulse points

A 
carotid
femoral
popliteal
radial
brachial
Dorsalis pedis 
Tibialis posterior
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12
Q

normal blood pressure ranges

A

Systolic between 90 and 135mmHg

Diastolic between 50 and 90mmHg

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13
Q

what are direuretics

A

“water pills” because they work in the kidney and flush excess water and sodium from the body

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14
Q

what are beta blockers used for?

A

reduce nerve impulses to the heart and blood vessels. This makes the heart beat slower and with less force. Blood pressure drops and the heart works less hard.

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15
Q

oxygen saturation should never be below….

A

95%

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16
Q

some cardiac evaluation tools

A

History
Heart rate, pulse and blood pressure
Auscultation
Laboratory tests i.e. Chest Xrays EKG, cholesterol, echocardiogram
Cardiac Stress Testing: Maximal, Sub Maximal
Fitness Testing

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17
Q

what is coronary artery disease?

A

Occlusion of a major coronary artery leads to an inadequate oxygenation of an area of myocardium and cell death (MI)

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18
Q

valve disease: incompetence

A

as a result of poorly functioning valves

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19
Q

valve disease: stenosis

A

narrowing caused by the valve’s inability to open fully

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20
Q

valve disease can either effect….

A

Mitral or Aortic valves

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21
Q

The most common signs of congestive heart failure are…

A

swollen legs or ankles or difficulty breathing.

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22
Q

when is the cardiac stress test tested…

A

during excercise or load

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23
Q

which types of patients are tested with the cardiac stress test?

A

patients with known coronary artery disease

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24
Q

what is heart rate reserve?

A

difference between a person’s resting heart rate and maximum heart rate

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25
what is the calculation of heart rate reserve? HRR
HRR = HRmax − HRrest
26
what are some ways of Grading Exercise Intensity
``` Borg Perceived Exertion Scale Talk Test Training Heart Rate Zone Metabolic Equivalent Self-monitoring of signs and symptoms ```
27
what is the borg perceived exertion scale?
Perceived exertion is how hard you feel like your body is working
28
borg percieved excertion scale numbers
``` 6  No exertion at all 7    Extremely light (7.5)8 9  Very light 10 11  Light 12 13  Somewhat hard 14 15  Hard (heavy) 16 17  Very hard 18 19  Extremely hard 20  Maximal exertion ```
29
THR: simple method
THR = HRmax × %Intensity
30
THR: karvonen method
THR = ((HRmax – HRrest) × %Intensity) + HRrest
31
metabolic equivalent
the energy (oxygen) used by the body as you sit quietly, perhaps while talking on the phone or reading a book.
32
how many lobes in the right lung and their names...
3 lobes. the upper or superior, middle, and lower or inferior
33
how many lobes in the left lung and their names...
Two lobes in left lung: upper and lower | and also the lingula
34
define spirometry
a versatile test of pulmonary physiology
35
what is the Pulmonary function test assessing?
the mechanical properties of the respiratory system by measuring expiratory volumes and flow rates
36
what is tidal volume?
= the volume of air inspired and expired during each respiratory cycle when at rest
37
what is inspiratory reserve volume?
= the max amount of air that can be inspired above tidal volume
38
what is expiratory reserve volume?
= the max amount of air that can be expired after normal tidal volume
39
what is residual volume?
= that air that remains after max expiration which does not participate in gas exchange
40
what is total lung capacity?
= the sum of (all) residual volume, expiratory reserve volume, tidal volume and inspiratory reserve volume
41
what is restrictive lung disease and example?
unable to take in a full, deep breath | pneumonia, fractured rib, lung fibrosis
42
what is obstructive lung disease and examples?
difficulty getting all the air out. | Asthma, chronic bronchitis, and emphysema
43
which is the largest group of pulmonary disease?
obstructive lung disease
44
which lung disease has the highest reason why we do chest physio?
COPD
45
in which order do we treat chest physio for most often? the top 3
COPD, pneumonia, cystic fibrosis
46
what is a symptom of bronchitis?
increased mucus production
47
what is viral pneumonia?
walking still
48
what is bacterial pneumonia?
in bed for 2 or more weeks
49
symptoms of chronic bronchitis
``` Persistent cough Extreme mucus production Shortness of breath, especially with exercise Wheezing Chest tightness ```
50
typical characteristics of COPD: chronic bronchitis
chronic productive cough hypoventilation cyanosis edema
51
typical characteristics of COPD: emphysema
chronic dyspnea (breathlessness) hyperinflation with barrel chest cyanosis and edema are rare
52
what causes Clubbing of the Fingers
Results from chronic hypoxia to the nail beds
53
what is cyanosis?
Cyanosis refers to the bluish coloration of the skin due to the presence of deoxygenated hemoglobin in blood vessels near the skin surface.
54
what is the treatment to COPD?
``` Slow down the damage to the lung Relieve symptoms, such as shortness of breath and cough Build up overall body fitness  Decrease flare-ups Improving quality of life ```
55
what are the 4 stages of change?
Stages of change- 1. precontemplative (not thinking of quiting) 2. contemplative know they should quit but haven’t yet 3. action set a date gonna quit,gtell everyone u know 4. maintenenance how do u continue to not go back
56
signs and symptoms of pneumonia
cough with sputum production, fever, and sharp chest pain on inspiration (breathing in)
57
symptoms of asthma
shortness of breath, tightness in the chest, coughing or wheezing.
58
what are Bronchodilators used for?
help open the bronchial tubes of the lungs decreasing resistance and allowing more air to flow
59
how many segments are there in the lungs
19
60
contrindications for assisted cough
increased potential for aspiration e.g. unconscious patient with unprotected airway acute abdominal pathology, abdominal aortic aneurysm, hiatus hernia, or pregnancy bleeding untreated pneumothorax osteoporosis flail chest
61
contraindications for postural drainage
Hemorrhage Untreated acute conditions Cardiovascular instability Recent neurosurgery
62
what do we check for in the sputum?
consistency, color and volume as reflects changes in the patients condition.
63
colour of sputum and what it means
White or clear : normal sputum Yellow : infection Green : chronic infection, usually bacterial Red/ reddish-brown : blood
64
goals of breating excercises
``` Full expansion of all areas of the lungs Maintain mobility of the thorax Clear secretions from the lungs Promote relaxation Retrain muscles of respiration Improve ventilation Improve gas exchange and oxygenation Decrease the work of breathing ```
65
what are healthy saturation levels?
Healthy individuals usually exhibit oxygen saturation values between 97% and 99%
66
Indications for Mechanical Ventilation
``` Acute lung injury Signs of respiratory distress COPD Neurological diseases such as Guillain-Barre Syndrome, Spinal Cord injury, Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis Hypoxemia Congestive Heart Failure ```
67
Determinants of Level of Care
``` Age Physical problems Functional limitations Medical needs Cognitive abilities Mental health Person’s and family’s wishes ```
68
hypomobility vs. hypermobility
hypo less flexibility in a koint and would work on rom | hyper work on strengthening a joint

PTA 3 (2 decks)

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