midterm Flashcards

Question

World War I Radio: Government Control

Answer 1

- 1917-18: Federal monopoly on all radio technology - role of federal gov. in broadcasting - corporations and gov. sometimes conflict-but usually gov. is business friendly-helps them - debate on whether this control should continue after the war

Answer 2

- nation’s defense interests - mass communication interests - use of public airwaves - british marconi poised to get alexander alternators-would have control over most US radio patents and transmission-alternators made it possible to transmit over long distances - US strongly encouraged GE to purchase controlling interest in american marconi-that would give them access to those patents and to the manufacture of radio - US gov. still had some control of their US patents after war - Britain ally in war, but could be threat later

Answer 3

- 1919-GE forms RCA: - american owned - govt. seat on board of directors - patents pool: GE, AT&T, Westinghouse

Answer 4

- make sure tech for radio owned by Americans - GE had controlling interest in the company-but also included major corporations involved in radio research - American ownership maintained through rules-had to be owned by americans-board of directors had to be americans

Answer 5

- ATT: Manufacture/sell transmitters, specialize in radiotelephony (sending voices and sound through wires like phone) - GE and Westinghouse: manufacture receivers - RCA: sell receivers, authorize 3rd party manufacture using ATT, GE, Westinghouse patents, Collect/distribute royalties for all, Operate maritime radio stations - all 4 can manufacture equipment for own use (radio stations)

Answer 6

- KDKA, Pittsburg, PA (Westinghouse)-their idea was to showcase tech would sell-showcase that you should buy a radio-a big part of their motivation - so want the signal to be clear, seem like it works really well - start to get debate between public use, company use, gov. use-airwaves filling up-hard to get clear signal - so big corporate interest in getting access to better radio waves - Soon followed by RCA, ATT, GE - who’s gonna decide which co.s can operate? gov.

Answer 7

- amateurs, entertainers, businesses (big businesses, schools, small businesses, religious groups, nonprofits) - 1922-Interstate Commerce Committee (ICC) - Class A and B station license - class b-just talk-no entertainment or info-have to stick with 200mh band-smaller - class a-entertainment and info-360mh band-but then that fills up too - begin to lobby gov. to create another class for big corp.s - pretty quickly gov. does it-400mh frequency-new class b-can’t play records or any recording-because someone can purchase that in the same format elsewhere-had to have live performances-kept poorer co.s out of his class-expensive to hire live music - 1923-National Assn. of Broadcasters forms

Answer 8

- 1923 Toll Broadcasting (AT&T) - Phone lines carry radio through wires (radiotelephony) - connect multiple stations—> network - they create the first radio network-have several stations-decide they’re only allowed to provide the service themselves and not to their competitors-this won’t stand for very long - creates sponsorship opportunities in terms of revenue - centralization of management-efficiency

Answer 9

- group of radio conferences - Ham v. Commercial Operators - Live v. Recorded Music (copyright and ASCAP) - A v. B Station Licenses - Wired (ATT) v. Shortwave (RCA) - Government “Public Interest” (ala BBC) v. Commercial Broadcaster Control - public interest: whatever the people want - but that’s not good definition-what want not always what’s best - what do we want radio to do?

Answer 10

- Open Access rejected - quality of stations over quantity of stations - Radio would be: - govt. Regulated - commercial/private - operated in the “public interest”

Answer 11

- established in 1926 to regulate licenses | - ”clear channels” assigned to “general Public Service” (commercial) stations

Answer 12

17 Million Radios Sold

Answer 13

- ATT forced to sell their tech to others - Red Network (1926) - Blue Network (1927) - former AT&T stations - -red network-premium network with best content-best sponsors-higher ad rates - blue network-frequencies and signals not quite as good-lower ad rates to smaller sponsors - Signed up Affiliates: - paid for running sponsored programs - Paid NBC to run own sustaining programming

Answer 14

- Network Benefits - stations share program content - centralized management - profit from affiliates - advertisers reach larger audience - so NBC is briefly its own monopoly on corporate broadcasting-but non-NBC people quickly mount response

Answer 15

- Paley’s Model: - give affiliated CBS programming or pay them to run it - IF they take whole schedule - charge advertisers more

Answer 16

- Cements 1927 Act: - Private, ad-based, commercial network system - establishes FCC (Federal Communications Commission): - Grant/renew/suspend station licenses, levy fines

Answer 17

- 1936-39-Investigation of monopoly - 1941-No company can own more than 1 chain - NBC forced to divest (sell off) Blue Chain - NBC Blue becomes ABC - risky during Depression-line up show and not sure if have sponsor

Answer 18

- Ad agencies provide program packages in exchange for - sponsor fee: 10-15% of show budget - networks fee: 15% of air time cost - bypassed network talent departments - commission on how much show is produced for-so ad agencies will make shows more expensive-so can profit from budget-but when purchase airtime from network also get 15% of that as their fee-benefiting twice - also use their own talent-allows Hollywood to become more involved with radio - unites the Radio industry and Hollywood as well as the advertising industry-makes radio very big business-because it’s viewed as a product that has to be sold, it gets a lot of structure from this

Answer 19

- commercial underpinnings shape radio to have - consistent scheduling - daytime/nighttime programming distinction - integrated advertising

Answer 20

- Influences/sources of programming - Hollywood - Vaudeville - Swing and Jazz-lots of music programs - Print Media - Jack Benny-big radio star

Answer 21

- dramatic adaptations - Mercury theatre - Comedy series - The Rise of the Goldbergs (became just “The Goldbergs”) - Thriller Dramas - The Shadow - The Masked Avenger - The Lone Ranger - Quiz Shows - Quiz Kids - Sports - Live broadcast - Religious - Church of the Air - Daytime Soaps - Guiding Light - Daytime Talk - Martha Deane

Answer 22

- sense of uniform culture - this can be viewed positively and negatively - some logic about-this’ll be really great for people to help them learn English

Answer 23

- the Goldberg-sitcom-good example of how broadcast looked at the time - how did radio influence TV and how it’s run?

Answer 24

- 1884-Nipkow Disk (Paul Nipkow)-Image scan - 1897-Cathode Ray Tube (Karl Braun)-TV display - 1906-Audion Tube (deForrest, et al)-Signal Amplification

Answer 25

- electronic TV-Image Dissector - 1927 Philo T Farnsworth, US - 1929 Vladimir Zvorykin, US

Answer 26

- 1920s-30s - experimental, irregular broadcasting - RCA and CBS develop TV systems

Answer 27

- 1939-NBC begins regular broadcasts with NY World’s Fair - 1941-2 hrs/day TV broadcasting in US - how many scans per line? up for debate

Answer 28

- 1941-FCC adopts NTSC standards: 525 lines, 30 fps; vs. European PAL system: 625 line/25 fps - 1943-ABC Network (forms from 2nd NBC network)-becomes ABC Television

Answer 29

- much smoother rollout than with radio-this time the companies are prepared - 1943-44: FCC TV hearings debate standards: RCA/NBC: TV Now (VHF, B/W) - CBS: Better TV Later (UHF/Color) - 1945-RCA/NBC Standards adopted - TVs extremely expensive at first

Answer 30

- 1946-FCC Blue Book recommendations - set of recommendations that address public interest-both radio and TV-broadcast - progressive movement in gov. that wanted to address issue of broadcast being in public interest - vague standards - 1948-Regular Prime-Time Network Broadcasting in US - 1948-1952-“Freeze” on new station licenses

Answer 31

- “Public Service Responsibility of Broadcast Licenses” FCC (threatens) to consider 4 areas when renewing licenses: - balance of commercial vs. sustaining programs - provision for local/live programs - presence of public affairs programs - programming that would address residents and citizens-from civic associations and nonprofits, etc - elimination of advertising excesses - concern about commercial braodcasting-commercial interest taking control of airwaves - did these standards get enforced? NO - have some impact, but FCC never really got congressional approval for this - major corporations pushed back hard against these recommendations - communism and blacklist beginning-this debate about these forces invading Hollywood - idea of public interest-people did try to define-but commercial interests trumped the public interest here

Answer 32

- 1948-52 - FCC freeze on new station licenses - 1948-FCC realizes have to create some standards around TV-not gonna make the same mistakes as in radio-so FCC puts a freeze on all new stations - -so who is left? big players in radio that got tv licenses early - during freeze-FCC settles on VHF and black and white - part of reason radio has such a big influence on TV in this period-there was a 5 year span in which the big radio networks were the only ones with TV licenses-got to set a lot of the rules for what TV was going to be during that time - Hollywood is shut out - airwaves already filling up with signals by 1948 - 50 in operation, 50 more issued licenses - big radio and tV powers concerned with competition,a airwaves filing up - FCC doesn’t know how to determine who gets licenses - so freeze on licenses-no new licenses issued - so TV doesn’t get to some areas of country as fast as others - TV stations able to grow infrastructure, cultivate audience, while everyone else is waiting to get licensed-sort of blocks everyone else in TV-the major networks succeed-and smaller ones try, like Dumont-but struggle

Answer 33

-Window on the World (DuMont, 1949)-Variety -capitalize on live-ness of TV-on basic appeals of TV -whole variety format-mimicked vaudeville -Captain Video and His Video Rangers (DuMont, 1949)-Sci-Fi Serial -continuing adventures of Captain Video -serials-done with film and radio-short chapters or episodes-new one every week -film very diff from tv-cuz go out in the world, watch with others, in theater-with TV, in home, coming from appliance, other stuff going on-utility function-you turn it on and stuff comes out-like faucet -TV is different than film especially in terms of selling it and its sets -Dumont-TV set manufacturer -produced these -like film, first things you see are things or places you can’t see at home-window on the world

Answer 34

- Alternative to live TV: - this meant filming TV monitor during broadcast, developing, then re-broadcasting over the airwaves - poor quality image - 30 scans per second - 24 frames per second - so some real issues - can’t just broadcast that 24fps film in 30 scans per second TV-would flicker

Answer 35

- difficult to transfer, requiring a film chain to coordinate TV scanning w/ 24fps film image - so could be broadcast with no flicker - but what’s benefit of owning networks if just broadcasting films from Hollywood? - need own stuff - that image is never gonna be as good quality as film anyways - don’t want big film companies messing with them

Answer 36

- Video tape still years away - Live production only way to broadcast quality TV image - TV capitalizes on some of the same appeals radio has-more immediate, sense of liveness - perceived as main strength of TV over film - appeal to sense of immediacy, nation-connecting - served radio industry - only radio industry (not Hollywood) could produce live shows - similar appeal and programming - kept affiliates dependent - creating sense of liveness that only the networks can fulfill with their programming-can only get this from them - but very primitive compared to film

Answer 37

- bully cameras - no smooth zoom - changing angles meant switching cameras via control booth - few possible locations - open sets (for easy movement between0) - capscrew movements heavily choreographed using marks, rehearsals - frequent bloopers many shows take form of live stage show or play on liveness - led to feeling of theater

Answer 38

- The FCC wouldn’t grant TV station licenses to companies under anti-trust litigation - Hollywood studios shut out of TV in its early stages

Answer 39

- radio adaptation, based in vaudeville performance - broad/slapstick - variety of guests - parody - featured Berle in costumes, drag

Answer 40

- adapted Catskills skit into The Rise of the Goldbergs (1929-1946) hit radio show - brought to TV in 1948 - wo first lead actress-comedy Emmy

Answer 41

-one stand-alone play/week -writers, directors and actors from NY Theatre and Film Designed for TV medium -framed as redemptive (pf “bad” TV) -based on theater -some bad, some good

Answer 42

- teleplay: Paddy Chayefsky - Cast: Rod Staiger, Nancy Marchand - adapted into feature film, best picture of 1955

Answer 43

- started with Hear it Now-on radio - 1951-See it Now: in depth documentary coverage - 1953-Person to Person, celeb interviews - 1954-Murrow and Fred Friendly produce “A Report on Senator Joseph McCarthy"

Answer 44

-period of political oppression and anti-communist paranoia

Answer 45

- 1938 Senate committee created to uncover Nazi ties in US | - after war, turned to communists

Answer 46

- persecuting suspected communists | - named for Senator Joseph McCarthy (R-Wi)

Answer 47

- 197: HUAC interviewed 41 people from Hollywood - some testified as friendly witnesses, “named names” of communists in Hollywood - hollywood believed to be nest of communism - all the moguls felt attacked

Answer 48

- HUAC also called 11 witnesses suspected/known to have been party members - Trumbo-probably most famous - labelled “unfriendly witnesses”-when refused to answer “are you now or have you ever been a member of the Communist Party?”-thought unamerican to even be asked-1st amendment rights-can’t be persecuted just for having a belief - held in contempt of court - some Hollywood stars had come to support them-backed off after this

Answer 49

- Nov. 1947: 50 elite Hollywood execs issued Waldorf Statement: “We will not knowingly employ a communist…” - this began the blacklist

Answer 50

- 1951-HUAC expanded list from 10 names into the 100s | - choice became: testify or lose career

Answer 51

- 1951 Anti-Communist report published by right-wing journal - named 151 actors, writers, etc - all were blacklisted across film, radio, TV - some artists wrote under false names or “fronts” - some left the country - others never worked in radio, TV or film again

Answer 52

- some of the HUAC hearings were televised-in their entirety - hear in clips - americans watched this unfold on TV - successful format-magazine news format-goal: examine new story but in way that would blow that story up larger for the american public-focus on some aspect of that and show it in detail-so people could get in depth details and see how it related to their lives - descendent of this: 60 minutes - after this broadcast, Mccarthy invited to rebutt what was said - Murrow’s stance powerful-credible-hastened end of Mccarthy-but what actually brought his reign of terror to close with Mccarthy-Army Hearings-he started accusing army of sheltering communists through taxes-public growing tired with Mccarthy

Answer 53

- FCC mandate that broadcasters present important public issues, but in a fair balanced, equitable way - airtime for controversial subjects - contrasting viewpoints - based on John Stuart Mill’s marketplace of ideas - equal time rule-similar but for political candidates only

Answer 54

- late 50s, some blacklisted artists hired in TV - 1960, Otto Preminger publicly announced Dalton Trumbo wrote Exodus - Universal gave Trumbo screen credit for Spartacus - Trumbo had written under front during blacklist-30 screenplays, 17 were produced, 1 won an Oscar, but couldn’t accept because under fake name

Answer 55

- Redemptive - medium often repetitive, redundant, designed to aim ads at distracted viewers - anthologies as “quality tv” that don’t do the above - ex: “Marty” - kind of experimental-sense of realism (grounded in people’s actual circumstances-moving from style to substance-present events as actually are)-imperfection marks authenticity - Marty leads other networks to have their own drama hours - quality emotional realism

Answer 56

- reality show-people tell their sad story, one wins what they need and lavish vacation and items - answering sad everyday problems with dreams of consumption

Answer 57

- center of production: NY - main technical format: live/kinescope - dominant program form: variety/anthology/sitcom - prime sitcom type: ethnic, working class - gender orientation: female-pitched primarily to women, families-TV is window on world and way to keep you in home-entertain woman in kitchen-women supposed to be always doing housework but appear to be doing nothing-picture of leisure - creative control: sponsor/ad agency

Answer 58

- focus on liveness, home theater aspects of medium - comes out of radio and advertising, not film industry in Hollywood - Variety shows, sketch comedy, news magazines, anthology dramas - ethnic working class sitcoms: The Goldbergs - women-centered sitcoms: I Love Lucy-shift from live production to telefilm production - ads reflect real and imagined consumer-idyllic-not reality

Answer 59

- collectivism - thriftiness - hard work - extended community - working class, immigrants in cities - old world/tradition

Answer 60

- individualism - Consumption - Leisure - Nuclear Family - Middle-Class whites in suburbs - New World

Answer 61

- US gov. Had strong interest in getting people to buy stuff after war-have to continue growth and economic boom through commercial consumer products instead of military products-incentives, GI Bill-a big hurdle to get over are these “saving” conceptions from the Depression and WWII - big divide between older and younger generation

Answer 62

- 1940s-Women help shape format and “sitcoms” begin to dominate broadcast - many early TV sitcoms adapted from radio-Lucille Ball had similar show on radio, Amos and Andy adapted from radio

Answer 63

- variety/sketch: loosely organized string of gags linked by stand-up or variety host - situation comedy: recurring characters in humorous situation-situation stays the same but new event or topic or issue every episode that’s resolved on the end - The Honeymooners ep we’ll watch today-TV purchase

Answer 64

- some of the most popular early sitcoms - getting the most out of your advertising dollar if you’re an ad person-want to make sure will get profits-so why all these shows about people who don’t have a lot of money in early tv? Showing everyone should live above their means, even if working class-teaching diverse immigrant communities that to be a good american means to consumer-bridging a gap between Depression era generation and post-war generation-the old world and the new - facilitate national unity - you might have these ideas about how you were going to live your life before, but that is not what america is now-that’s not new america - trying to deeply ingrain ideas of consumerism in american society-reverse frugality of Depression

Answer 65

- performers in blackface lampooning, stereotypes of blackness - ->20th century Vaudeville, radio - african americans also performed in minstrel tradition - on radio, required to speak in dialect/thick accents (to mark as non-white) - The Amos ‘n’ Andy Show (CBS, 1951-3)

Answer 66

- adaptation of Freeman Godsen and Charles Correll’s Radio show - actors told to match Godsen and Correll speech patterns - African Americans had mixed feelings about this show - NAACP protested radio show and TV show-TV show lost sponsorship-cancelled in 1953 - one of first shows to star non-white actors - relies on deeply problematic racial stereotypes that don’t really come through in the other ethnic sitcoms-furthering these stereotypes - but still encourages consumption - but here they rely on cheating to get money - but still encouraging african american communities to live beyond their means-which is bad - but at least giving black performers jobs, exposure, representation - in article-one black man encouraged to watch by his parents because only tv program that showed black people - power of representation really important - but very problematic representation-NAACP eventually gets it taken off the air

Answer 67

- humor based on exaggerated stereotypes of national identities (e.g. German, Irish, Jewish) - some carried to radio.TV in variety, sitcoms - different on tv-parodying your own ethnicity to people not of that ethnicity-in vaudeville more to people of your group, can relate - The Marx Bros-vaudeville comedians

Answer 68

- domestic sitcoms particularly popular - by 1954, sitcoms dominate prime time - 10/28 female leads - 15/28 with male-female duo

Answer 69

- 1946: 90m/week movie attendance - 1954: 45mill./wk - 1962: 20mill./wk; - TV: 60+% penetration by 1954, 90+% by 1960

Answer 70

- Postwar Americans told to buy cars, houses, and appliances to keep production up - Baby Boom/Suburbanization: Americans moved awat from cities into suburbs, Movie theatres were not as close by - easier and cheaper to stay home than to get a babysitter and drive to the city to see a film

Answer 71

- hollywood had stayed out of TV business (and been kept out) - but in the mid 50s this changed in part because of Lucille Ball - Ball’s film career was in Hollywood, didn’t fit with “live”, East Coast weekly broadcast practice - broadcasting from west coast was delayed/foggy - teamed with husband, bandleader Desi Arnaz - formed own production company (Desilu) to create one of the first filmed series - 80% owners - Ball and Arnaz hired German Cinematographer Karl Freund to adapt 3-camera process to 35mm film - telefilm production - soundstage, bleachers, mics and speakers - low contrast lighting (harsh overhead lights) - fully mobile cameras - did do it live for an audience-and recorded that-then broadcast it later-so had the live laughs - 4 person camera team: camera, assistant, grip,” cable man” - intercom system-->control booth, camera, electric - 4 days of rehearsals (2 with cameras) - Ball brought Jess Oppenheimer from her radio show to - produce shows - serve as head writer - Oppenheimer filtered all scripts through his voice - becomes model for sitcom production today-with showrunner

Answer 72

- skipped Depression, WWII - In another transitional moment - move to suburbia-incentivized by the government - encouraged by laws to buy houses-get tax breaks on mortgages - Cold War-brought in red scare-blacklist-McCarthyism-paranoia-reinforcing idea that you’re looking out for you-individualistic-isolationist - emphasis on household instead of extended family - tv=window on the world-bring the world into you-since now moving away from cities, extended family - nuclear family - ”those were the days”-before the war-push back to women’s role in home from before the war-encouraged to stay at home - modern conveniences-machines to do all of the housework for you-dishwasher-but you no longer live with extended family, so housework not divided-so actually working more than before-even though products marketed to make life easier - perfect housewife - consumerism-keep consuming after the war to keep the economy afloat - live beyond your means-buy things can’t afford - TV major force in telling people, this is what you have to do to be a good american citizen in the postwar era

Answer 73

- every TV got VHF and only some got UHF-harder for UHF channels to get advertisers because knew wouldn’t reach anyone - VHF higher quality signal-but smaller spectrum-fewer channels could exist

Answer 74

- allows TV to become a pretty unique medium-first mass medium after film that involves moving images-would make a lot of sense for it to be born out of Hollywood-but that’s not what happens-it comes out of radio-because it comes out of the world of broadcasting-so it’s a new visual medium that will come up with its own aesthetics, visual language, storytelling devices, that’s going to be totally distinct from Hollywood, at least at first - shows completely supported by advertisers-and named sometimes-Texaco star theater-owned shows and pretty much in charge of content-that’s the point of TV-the storytelling comes as a secondary thing-it’s about selling ads-so there are things built into the stories about consumption - so as opposed to film, which comes out of storytelling idea, artistic, TV comes from advertising and consumerism-commercial purposes - film supported by ticket sales, TV is free-so money comes from ads

Answer 75

- in other countries, that mandate means that TV ends up being completely controlled and produced by the government - gov. Has a bit of oversight, but minimal - corporations control content - decision made early that it’s gonna be ad-supported

Answer 76

- TV with its content and advertising focused on housekeeping-placed women enjoying the tv but never with her family, always cooking and cleaning while enjoying tv - tv source of entertainment for women since they’re now trapped and isolated in single house suburbs-also keep the family happy while the woman is doing her domestic tasks-but can enjoy tv from kitchen while cooking - case has to be made that you’ll want a tv in your house-because a lot of anxieties came with this-about a mass media like this-what were some of those anxieties? - fear about kids-corrupt them - so a lot of ad campaigns about tvs and bringing it into your house - so we have to sell tv, and then tv has to sell everything else to you

Answer 77

- affiliated products with Captain video-product tie-ins - Alice wants TV to entertain her during long day - old world vs the new-husband vs wife/other couple-husband wants to be frugal, keep money-other guy buying more than he can afford-payment plan - don’t know where to put tv

Answer 78

- soaps starting-but take speed later - game shows - anthology dramas - news shows, tabloid shows - variety shows - sports

Answer 79

- golden age of tv-first quality tv-more focused on narrative - but still sponsored - ex: Marty - a lot of networks headquartered in NY-so pulled from NY theater scene-rehearsed heavily before-then filmed live - wanted to explore what TV could be as a medium - theater available to the masses and not just elite now-because basically filmed theater - anthology and not normal series because stories aren’t connected to each other-not same characters-every single episode is totally different - anthologies today-Ryan Murphy-American Horror Story-American Crime Story-so different story every season instead of every episode

Answer 80

-ad sponsors don’t want to sponsor the news-or if do, skewed version of news that serves you-so idea of sponsored tv doesn’t really work with tv-so takes off as single advertiser structure deteriorates

Answer 81

- important from beginning to tv - already existed-lots of people invested in - exciting way to use liveness inherent to tv - and filled big chunks of programming time-because that was a big issue in TV-there would be periods of time with nothing on on a certain channel

Answer 82

- a lot of history has to do with the reasons it’s being documented-even when is documented based on the way it was-could be biased-can never experience it as it was - history book written from the POV of those in power w/o any criticism or self awareness of that - even academics using documents created by those in power - people w/o power don’t have access to some way to save or put down things in writing-to get them in history - there’s always going to be some other story to the history you’ve read

Answer 83

-communication: transmitting of messages from a sender to a receiver via a channel sender->message->channel->receiver prof->lecture->sound waves/PA->you

Answer 84

- unmediated: can be received using senses (e.g. talking face-to-face) - mediated: relies on some medium (e.g. talking on phone)

Answer 85

- mass audience removed via time and/or space - technical and institutional - commodifies symbolic forms-using whatever the message is to generate profits-it’s a commercial medium - language/a word is a symbol for something else

Answer 86

- Mass culture as product/reflection of modernity - industrial revolution - mass production - labor/class conflicts - political economy - economic determinism - Commercial Mass Culture reflects/reproduces values of profit-driven system that supports it - Mass/Popular Culture as “Culture Industry”:

Answer 87

-how politics and economics shape history, society, culture

Answer 88

who owns the means of production, determines socio-cultural life

Answer 89

- degradation of culture (LCD-lowest common denominator) - homogenization - political indoctrination - problems with this model? - assumes basic transmission model (will perceive this passively, have no role, will not be suspicious-also assumes message sent exactly as intended-context could be diff than intended context) - constructs all viewers as the same/passive (hypodermic effect) - problems: high/low culture divide - reflects classist assumptions - assigns value to “good media (art, ballet, opera) based on values of evaluators

Answer 90

- recipient isn’t passive - interaction is code system of signs (not transparent) - meaning for individual - meaning within culture - meaning in context of moment

Answer 91

- Melanie Klein - Infants view “objects” (a bottle, a hand) as all-good or all-bad - glorifying/demonizing tendency extends into adulthood

Answer 92

- medium embedded in message | - symbiotic relationship to medium influences how viewers perceive messages

Answer 93

-put ideas of hegemony and individual agency in tension

Answer 94

Stuart Hall, 1980 - Circuit of Communication - Readings and Positioning

Answer 95

- messages are encoded and must be decoded - texts are not closed (one fixed meaning) - social positioning leads to differing interpretations - may suppose a homogenous audience but audience doesn’t necessarily accept these identities

Answer 96

- dominant reading: reader fully shares text’s code, accepts and reproduces the preferred reading - negotiated reading: reader partly shares text’s code, but sometimes resists and modifies it re: their own position, experiences - oppositional reading: the reader understands the preferred reading but rejects it

Answer 97

-readers often send feedback, which can shift or reinforce sender position

Answer 98

- oversimplifies producers (subjective) and text (only 1 preferred meaning) - can reduce readers to types (resistant reader)

Answer 99

- can fame buy being high class? - antisemitism - values: money, fame - status, reputation - very different values than generation before - tv-bad object-older, high status individuals look down on it - effect of changing the way TV was structured-not only at industrial level but the whole system-1 sponsor to multiple, buy ad times-networks spun whole thing-threw sponsors over bus-wanted power anyways but didn’t know how to finance it-this helped them - borrowed from other broadcasting systems - shows produced then advertising sold to go in commercial breaks during many diff sponsors - classical network system-moment where tv is like classical studio system in that things are codified into a way of operating-operate this way for about 20 years - Relationship between affiliates and networks big part of this - shows are going to be created and then sold rather than the other way around-so no product placement really - crime, westerns, news documentaries, soap operas, anthologies, Hollywood TV

Answer 100

- 1956: 15 game shows in prime time - cheap, uncontroversial - types: high culture “educational” (The $64,000 question) to low-culture comedic (Do You Trust Your Wife?)

Answer 101

- high hopes for tv - anthologies and “quality” genres disappearing - networks displace blame onto sponsors - networks using this as way to get control back from sponsors

Answer 102

- To give credibility to tv again, helps their image-tv as bad object, menace to society-change this idea-provide programming in public service - get FCC off their back for a bit - quiz shows were educational beacon-that’s undercut-so have to come up with a way to say they’re doing something for the public good

Answer 103

- shot it on film - benefits of telefilm production: - picture/sound quality - multiple takes - sets/location options - post-editing - reruns and syndication-made them easier-live events had mistakes and lost liveness so no point in rebroadcasting - First big paradigm shift-mid 50s shift-includes telefilm production

Answer 104

- movie studios enter tv business - big shifts in: - center of production - technical format - dominant format - sitcoms - gender orientation - creative control - sponsorship

Answer 105

shifts from NY—> Hollywood-lots of studios already there-less movies being made so studios happy to rent out lots

Answer 106

shifts from live/kinescope —> telefilm (The Goldbergs->I Love Lucy)

Answer 107

variety/anthology (genres from radio)—>westerns/cop shows (genres from film)

Answer 108

ethnic, working-class—> white suburban, middle class (Father Knows Best)

Answer 109

female—>male centered (main characters, target audience)

Answer 110

-creative control: sponsor/ad agency—> network/studio/producer

Answer 111

single sponsor —> magazine spots

Answer 112

- multiple sponsorship instead of single sponsor | - shifts scheduling and programming power to network

Answer 113

tation can air whenever it wants, as many times as it wants - stations retain all commercial time (no national sponsors) - programming inexpensive-because production costs already paid off by original airing

Answer 114

- networks, supplying content to affiliates - profit from giving national audiences to advertisers - fill 2/3 programming hours - rest of time filled with syndicated and locally produced shows - syndicated: game shows, movies, reruns, cheap dramatic series, talk - local: news, talk shows, children’s shows

Answer 115

- local broadcasters owned by a company other than the network or its parent company - sign with network to get its programming - private, contractual agreement - required to air all net shows at designated times

Answer 116

a company that makes programming available to whomever wants to purchase it

Answer 117

- First-run syndication refers to programming that is broadcast in the United States for the first time as a syndicated show - Baywatch

Answer 118

- originally aired on a network and now are syndicated off-network-sometimes cable channel-Friends and Seinfeld - Off-network syndication involves the licensing of a program that was originally run on network television or in some cases first-run syndication

Answer 119

-a special type of syndication reserved for public and community TV stations (such as PBS affiliates).

Answer 120

(Syndicator/Producer) - formed in 1964 to distribute Little Rascals shorts to TV - produced/syndicated Oprah, Dr. Phil, Rachael Ray, etc. - syndicates Wheel of Fortune, Jeopardy - bought by CBS

Answer 121

local stations owned and operated by a network, typically in large markets

Answer 122

- NBC: - 11 O&Os - 222 affiliates - CBS - 16 O&Os - 222 affiliates - ABC - 8 O&Os - 238 affiliates - Fox - 17 O&Os - 177 Affiliates - Truly independent stations (not O&O or affiliate) - General Entertainment - Religious - Educational - many owned by same companies - fewer due to changing ownership rules

Answer 123

- Fears - communism - unions - diversity of TS population - deviant sexual behavior - atomic bomb - women’s roles

Answer 124

- High unemployment - “white flight”/resistance to minority home ownership - minorities/working class concentrated in cities

Answer 125

- govt. policy supports suburban development - 41,000 miles of limited-access highway (Federal Aid Highway Act) - GI Bill and Federal Housing Administration (FHA) - FHA: “a decent home...for every American”-really for middle class white families-removing women from paid labor force-building more housing

Answer 126

- average age: 31 - few single, widowed, divorced, elderly - higher birth rate - 9% of women work (27% natl. avg.)

Answer 127

- white, elderly working class - minority women and men of all classes - white single women

Answer 128

- display class attributes - reinforce gender-specific functions - help status-conscious consumption - display housewife - display possessions as symbols of class - open floor plan but gendered spaces - paid for by father (fam. wage) - maintained by mother’s labor

Answer 129

created to help veterans of World War II. It established hospitals, made low-interest mortgages available and granted stipends covering tuition and expenses for veterans attending college or trade schools

Answer 130

- Zoning (no multi-family, commercial buildings) - no housing for minorities - red-lining of mixed/minority neighborhoods - restrictive covenants - Result: racial, ethnic, class barriers, gender roles

Answer 131

- market research - lifestyle/personality image motivating choice for purchases (e.g.: “lazy” instant coffee use) - product design - more for leisure/display than solving problems

Answer 132

- framed as virtue - disparity between working class reality and middle class aesthetic/values - encourages being things to assuage anxieties about class

Answer 133

-first televised presidential election-on TV JFK seemed like winner, Nixon seemed better on radio-first time being a personality, attractive, good on tv was important

Answer 134

- commercialization-encouragement to live beyond means - white flight - gov. Funding to building houses, incentives, subsidies - gender roles-women not working after WWII-men took jobs back - red lining, zoning - certain groups actively blocked from suburbs - only for white middle class heterosexual families - interstate highway program-to make it so you can’t even get to suburb w/o car - suburbanization and the idyllic home there masking a lot of anxieties during this time-civil rights movement, gender roles, way more children than ever before (baby boom)-might be delinquent-teenage delinquency becomes big concern-very much linked to tv-idea of teenagerhood didn’t exist prior to this-teens had access to cars, different views and music, tv, disposable income, leisure time (way more than other generations- a lot don’t work after school) - tv is villainized as contributor to these big problems - negotiation between content producers about trying to make money and trying to counteract the idea that tv is a bad object

Answer 135

- opening titles: very similar to other sitcoms - reflecting new suburban values - open floor plan - deep focus - focus on children-nuclear family - different humor-not really slapstick-more relatable, saccharine - father is no longer stupid buffoon with smart wife-now father is authoritative - open floor plan-mom in kitchen, cut off but still kids can hear her - teens almost delinquents but not scandalous - showcase stove, home - dad takes his hat off when comes in-iconography of patriarch - woman fully dressed for cooking-has her pearls on - leisure time for kids - girl reading gossip magazine-demonstrate gender roles at young age - this family is so wholesome their problems are above tv-not about the tv-about them not immediately obeying commands - family cohesion-children living up standards of their parents - want to be good citizens like parents in this episode - deep focus-can see everything in the background-background equally clear to foreground-depth of field-everything in image to be in focus and not just 1 thing-to show how your house is supposed to look-by passively showing all the commodities - dialogue: how to be good citizens-do civic duties-volunteer - here the wife can make jokes, a bit more of an equal-in Leave it to Beaver, wife is really just object

Answer 136

- TV is doing cultural work-enforcing norms - what is TV’s place? Teach norms, values-people are ambivalent about tv right now-masses buying and consuming tv all the time, then the moral crusaders who are still saying it’s low culture, bad object-this tension defines TV even now - as cultural object, trying to create unity, cultural cohesion-all these different cultural groups will at least see the same things-lessons of tv can be taught to the lower people who watch it still - but most people watching it just thinking of it as something to do-not really high or low culture

Answer 137

- longest running primetime drama | - western-endorsed by western film star John Wayne in promo before

Answer 138

- acting out Feminine Mystique-leaving college, now it’s her job to take care of home-stressed -about dinner-this is her job-Don not taking it seriously - doesn’t leave the house the whole episode except at beginning with horse - modeling roles available to women at this time - sort of goes on strike

Answer 139

- has her own office - works where Don does-ad company - they don’t respect the authority of the accomplishments she has - she deserves respect, has a real job-but has to be the good girl - starts objections with “I’m sorry-“ - expected to fulfill role of being helper, helping the church - can’t rise up without men’s help, giving them opportunity

Answer 140

- doing a really good job, pitching in, likes this job - but replaced by a man, who doesn’t know what he’s doing - she plays to her strengths-beauty-because that’s what everyone values her for - be victim to the way people treat you or use it - big part of women’s job is to play an acceptable feminine role - only way to accomplish goals is to let herself be sexualized, not to ask for or demand something

Answer 141

- domestic servant in Draper household - there to show us what else is going on at this time-what options were available to her - these 4 women represent the 4 roles of women available at the time

Answer 142

- suburban promise: - psychic and social satisfaction (not pay) - suburban reality: - responsible for most/all home labor, childcare - pressure to conform undermines progress - homemaker both central and marginal - labor has no $ value - produces status - must hide labor/make it look easy

Answer 143

- present white middle class life as norm - Reinforced by Style - Shift in Humor - mid 50s-sitcoms-female characters both liberated and contained by domestic space

Answer 144

mask social contradictions - display consumerism - individual/family problems, not class/economic problems

Answer 145

- verisimilitude: the appearance of being true or real - aspirational (people live in nice houses/apartment-beyond what they should have/most have-what people want to see, want their lives to be like) - suburban, domestic space - homemaker’s labor: visible-yet-invisible (effortless!)

Answer 146

- home not place for gags - humor isn’t usually at expense of another-except sometimes June Cleaver (Leave it to Beaver) - focus on kids-often source of humor-their curiosity and situations they get into - less slapstick

Answer 147

- FCC freeze - anti-trust rules - radio control - talent bureaus (networks had own contract system where owned talent, assigned them to things-changes a bit when ad agencies get involved and start hiring from Hollywood as well-but was this system where hollywood talent was blocked)

Answer 148

- Paramount Consent Decree and Divestiture (1948-55)-studios sell theater chains - Foreign Films - TV - attempt to diversify (widescreen, color, etc.)

Answer 149

- lessons from divestiture: - ”vertical disintegration”-new business model is maybe we don’t need to own everything-that’s very expensive and risky-get rid of theaters and also not take on all this risk - shift risk (production cost) to independents - focus on distribution

Answer 150

- innovations transforms Hollywood after the studio era - Douglas Gomer on Wasserman: “initiated the first ‘New’ Hollywood” - 1940s: agencies play bigger role in talent negotiations for film - MCA and Lew Wasserman take lead - Packaging: - for tv, primary shows are sold to networks - talent agencies in Hollywood (rather than ad agencies in NY)

Answer 151

- agency pitches and sells a film project to a studio - offers a “package” (script, director, stars) - packaging of films model for every agency - still used today - Agency fee for packaging TV

Answer 152

- externalize risk (to studios) - maximize creative resources-competition between independents+studios-creates innovation/better content - Warner-Formula, imitation-take genre we know, put people we know, do it again and again - Screen Gems-Co-productions, innovation-ultimately more successful than Warner Bros

Answer 153

- 1957: acquires Paramount pre-1950 film library - 1958: Buys Universal Studio Lot—> Revue Studios-name of TV production wing as well - 1962-Takeover of Universal Studios and Decca Records, merges with MCA - 1962: Due to conflict of interest, sells agency business (antitrust/DOJ)

Answer 154

Movie Syndication, Filmed Series

Answer 155

- for studios at first, TV is an additional or ancillary market for feature films (the primary market is theatrical) - this is the blessing of TV-make money off of older products - stations need huge amounts of programming to fill their broadcast hours - early 50s: independent stations and affiliates broadcast old films, mostly B-pictures - smaller studios - mid-50s, major studios (RKO first) begin to sell back catalogs (pre-1950s) and the rights to broadcast them - would play often during the day - this showing of movies starts to become really big business in the 1960s - 1961: Networks and studios agree on fair compensation for films made after 1948 - NBC launches “Saturday Night at the Movies”, promising 1 big film per week - By 1968, a movie night on at least 1 channel every night - studios charge higher and higher rates for broadcast - selling films to TV (often before theatrical release) becomes a major revenue stream for studios - also do this with Saturday morning cartoons-cartoons often first came from films

Answer 156

- mid-50s: independent film producers often fill the need for programming - studios initially just rented space to independent production - Dragnet - Early Adopters (David O. Selznick and Walt Disney - independents - risk takers (Gone With The Wind, Snow White) - hit early by slump - Most important early foray into TV made by Disney

Answer 157

- adapted from radio - early successful filmed series - cheap/fast production-a lot of narration, not really showing - filmed, single camera - the first filmed hour long drama-premiered in 1951-shot like a movie, on film, and broadcast-single camera, set up at diff angles to get diff parts of scene - based in realism - policeman’s notebook - LAPD, police procedure - Jack Webb (star, director, producer) - Friday-no personal life - case of the week show-just the facts - not about the drama in their personal lives - fraught (depictions of cops, criminals) - ends in 50s, later incarnation (1967) shows shifts in American society/culture-doesn’t really fit anymore - shapes procedural drama (medical, legal, police, etc.) - episodic (not serial) - self-contained - case-of-the-week

Answer 158

- in 1954, Walt Disney contracted with ABC to produce an hour-long show: Disneyland - For Disney: - diversification - multi-media - promotion - doesn’t see himself as tv or film person-interested in something larger-not worried about tv tainting his film legacy-wants to connect all of his different media-brand more important than media - For ABC:-Woolworths (v. Tiffany network-what NBC was called) for young families-$2 million/52 weeks-$500k investment in park - show featured Walt talking about Disney productions, most importantly Disneyland - there were amusement parks before-but this was the first theme park-clean middle class place for families, safe for kids - Disguised hour-long commercial as a science/education - Four realms: - adventureland (nature) - fantasyland (cartoons) - tomorrowland (science) - frontierland (western, original serial) - each week focus on a land, get behind the scenes, or movie in that genre, or it represented through cartoon - also showed shorts and excerpts from the Disney library (not previously syndicated-because had bad experience signing off Oswald the Lucky Rabbit to Universal, lost rights-so owned everything else) - Hit Davy Crockett saga, first serialized on show, later released as a film-surprise hit - marketing bonanza - est. $100 million merchandising - early synergy/cross-promotion - early alliance between Disney and ABC - Leisure and Entertainment

Answer 159

- early 50s-Limited: (often put on by affiliate or local station) - puppet shows - science/educational - repackaged cartoons and serials - ads aimed at parents-get to the parents around christmastime to sell toys - freeze on station licenses so not everyone even has tv at this time-until 1953 - 1953: more widespread TV ownership=more kids programming - Saturday mornings - old movies and cartoons - local kids’ shows - 1960: animated cartoons on Saturday AM (many based on film properties) - cartoons made by major studios-to play before movies-a lot recycled

Answer 160

- mid 50s-after school programming - Mickey Mouse Club - weekdays, 5pm - daily themes - cancelled but later syndicated on local channels at diff times - people very into them-knew all their names

Answer 161

- Ruth Handler (Mattel) advertises during entire first season of The Mickey Mouse Club-instead of just during christmas - burp gun - barbie - hot wheels - Mattel becomes major toy company based on the success of these products-within a year or 2 - largely credited to this decision - advertising directly to children-children can get their parents to buy something for them more so than commercials can - new model: selling directly to children - young girls wanted to playing at being adult women-parents had thought they wanted to play with kid dolls - Disney did this well-connect the toy to the tv show to the park-actual place to go to-beg their parents to go

Answer 162

- Light’s Diamond Jubilee - the point:loosely based around light-but little segments about development of tech/electricity-developing from crappy appliances that thank god don’t need anymore to all the new ones you should buy - failed experiment-not well regarded or wildly respectful-strange, no on knew what to make of it - lots of movie stars - 2 hour special - aired on all 4 networks (DuMont included) - event (versus series) - GE sponsor, celebrating light bulb - Hollywood being Hollywood on TV (failure) - weird musical sequences, air force distractions - Selznick’s brand was high quality films-he agreed with sponsors would take on production costs-he went over budget-never got the money back - his takeaway was that he’s known for doing quality not quantity-make 1 film every once in a while and put lots of energy and resources into it-could be blockbusters-that worked in Hollywood-but in TV, want quantity, for low price - wanted to bring quality to TV but failed

Answer 163

- Alfred Hitchcock Presents - makes use of Hitchcock persona/reputation - known for suspense - followed Disney’s lead - didn’t direct shows-more endorsed/introduced them - hour long - gives many directors their start

Answer 164

- production code phased out—> more controversial films - those films not really good for tv - studios, let by Revue, begin making movies of the week (low production values, melodramas/social problem films)

Answer 165

-eventually move into miniseries with higher prestige (ex: Roots)

Answer 166

- Centralized network control (vertical integration) - Ads: multiple sponsorship/magazine concept - 30 to 60 second slots in targeted programs - deliver rating or pay compensation - Networks, not advertisers: - commission programs - own outright/share ownership with production co. - control syndication, scheduling (“flow”) - Production: - independent producers/studios - contract with networks, not sponsors - partial or no ownership rights - Distribution: - affiliates locked into contracts (3-station market) - reduced local program time - fewer first-run syndicated shows - few independent stations - Exhibition: - networks purchase stations in large metro areas - network control-monopolistic practices-like Hollywood before Paramount Decree - 1955: 64% of prime time Hollywood-produced - 1963: networks own/co-own 93% of shows - 1965: 90% of prime-time Hollywood-produced - 1965: avg. household 5.5 hrs/day - 1956: color TV debuts - NBC/RCA color system - local station/consumers slowly convert through mid-1970s

Answer 167

- used to describe FCC’s cozy relationship with business and gov. - heavy influence from broadcasting and electronics industries - unfair licensing decisions (“arranged, not adjudicated”) - gifts, travel from advertisers - Quiz show scandals-FCC covering its own corruption

Answer 168

- by 1960s, TV center of life, politics - 1960 Kennedy-Nixon TV debates - TV watchers: Kennedy won - Radio listeners: Nixon won - Fundamentally changes campaigns-need to be good on TV

Answer 169

- 1961: Kennedy appoints Newton Minow to clean up FCC corruption and bribe-taking - Minow rails against the ills of commercial in speech to NAB broadcasters-called TV “a vast wasteland”

Answer 170

- 1950s: rise in youth crime rate—> hearings on juvenile delinquency, TV - 1960s: Social science research on TV, more rounds of hearings - 1972: Surgeon general’s report on violence - Focus on action adventure, westerns and cartoons - media effects approach-treating TV as thing that goes right into your brain and directly affects you-passive viewer - Minow trying to make changes, but mostly trying to change image of FCC - uses this violence argument to get people to focus on networks-clean up

Answer 171

- arguments for public TV - if networks provide better programming, no need - 3 networks increase time for: - public service announcements - informational documentaries; 1962: 400 prime time docs (0 in 1957) - Expand nightly news coverage - Socially relevant/conscious dramas - ex: East Side/West Side (social workers) - The Outer Limits (socio-sci-fi)

Answer 172

- Anthology - Sci-Fi focus (vs. Twilight Zone’s-supernatural) - pessimisti social commentary - Sconce: suggesting science/tech “on a collision course with oblivion”

Answer 173

- near-anthology - George C. Scott-social worker investigates - Issues relating to urban life (prostitution, rape, PTSD, slums, blockbusting, mental illness) - Controversy (sponsor/affiliate problems)—> cancellation

Answer 174

- 1940s: Nielsen “Audimeter” records channels - greater accuracy than applause cards and phone sampling - age, gender, region - flow, specific moments

Answer 175

- 1949: Arbitron-diary method for demographics (age, gender)-have certain people track shows - show testing now: turn dial to say how good you thought, or write down-shows are costly-want to make sure do well-test out title, content

Answer 176

- by 1950, Nielsen/Arbitron monopoly - Sampling: 300 families - white, middle class, 12-49 - very young, elderly, minorities uncounted - affect what is made/cancelled - 1961 Congressional investigation - Nielsen and Arbitron delivering “good” numbers - Watchdog groups form around ratings

Answer 177

- Program analyzer system - est auds, program development - audience segments: - women 18-35 - men 12-49 - kids under 12 - lifestyle segments by 70s-examine subset of these groups based on lifestyle-what type of person watches

Answer 178

- Set meter (channel) and people meters (household member) - 45,000 people, 20,000 homes, 56 largest markets - .0005% of audience - determine natl. ad rates - how natl. advertising rates determined - national ads (movies, cars, etc.)-right when commercial break starts and ends-local ads in the middle - best spots right at beginning and end of break - networks collecting national money so best positions for those commercials

Answer 179

households

Answer 180

% of households (out of all households) watching a particular program at a particular time (counts those with tvs off for denominator)

Answer 181

% of households watching out of households that actually have their TV sets turned on

Answer 182

- month-long, 4x/year of most intensive national ratings - diary system, geographically specific - determine local ad rates - important to network-want to stay important to affiliates-how much can charge for advertising affects how much wanna keep arrangement with NBC

Answer 183

- 8 min of ads: - 6 national - 2 local

Answer 184

- Post-War generation: social activists - well-educated, affluent, expect tolerance and equality from others - Dissonance between image of 50s America and reality - social justice movements form

Answer 185

- continued segregation, discrimination after slavery - Jim Crow south - Anti-miscegenation laws - Violence, lynching - Sharecropper system - Promise of WWII jobs evaporates in post-war era - SCLC and SNCC campaigns of civil disobedience, non-violent protest

Answer 186

- Post-WWII, educated women relegated to home - unequal access to jobs, political redress - birth control/access to family planning restricted - writings of Betty Friedan, Germaine Greer, etc. - Public protests: “the personal is political” - isn’t really in full swing in 60s-bit later - women and POC always being asked to take a step back for each other - all these movements at least at first model themselves after civil rights movement-rise awareness through media-nonviolent protest

Answer 187

- discrimination, criminalization via anti-sodomy laws, classification of homosexuality as mental disorder - imprisonment, committal, lobotomy, castration - 1950s “Lavender Scare”, wars on gay taverns - Mattachine Society, Daughters of Bilitis, Gay Liberation Front - Self-awareness, self-acceptance, then public awareness - also a bit more momentum post-60s - Stonewall Riots-1969

Answer 188

- Colonial history - removal of lands - violent suppression of languages and cultures - denial of rights of citizenship - children sent far away to white schools - in 20s-murder of possibly hundreds-indians had oil money, press framed as dangerous, made every indian get a financial guardian to go through to get access to money-often cheated or killed by guardian to get money - organize and resist persistent racism and social, economic oppression

Answer 189

- Industrial farming exploits African American and immigrant labor - labor reforms of early 20th century exclude farm domestic laborers - no overtime, workers’ comp, collective bargaining, child labor laws - United Farm Workers form to protest, strike, bring attention to worker struggles - Cesar Chavez and UFM

Answer 190

- Cold War - US aggression/intervention in Korea, Haiti, Cuba, Vietnam, Laos, Cambodia - Forced conscription (Draft) 1940-73 - Students for a Democratic Society (SDS) and other groups form to protest involvement

Answer 191

-1960 -SNCC founded/nonviolent student protests (sit-ins) for civil rights -JFK elected -1961 -freedom rides -Berlin crisis -Peace Corps founded -Bay of Pigs -Vietnam War begins (3000 “advisors”) -1962 -Ole Miss integrated, riots, national guard -Cuban Missile Crisis: U-2 photos of Soviet nuclear weapons, stand-off, public panic for a week before removal -1963 -Medgar Evers (NAACP) murdered -Birmingham protests -March on Washington -Sixteenth St. Baptist Church bombing -JFK assassinated, Johnson in office -shocks nation-allows Johnson to pass some of the civil rights legislation JFK hadn’t been able to -public unity -also poverty legislation -Feminine Mystique published (-East Side/West Side episode) -1964 -Free speech movement -Freedom Summer -3 freedom riders who go south are murdered-2 white, brought national attention -killers found not guilty-how do we get justice in the south? -help people register to vote -LBJ Great Society Reforms -Economic Opportunity Act -Civil Rights Act -Gulf of Tonkin Incident (-Outer Limits episode) -1965 -Watts Riots -against police brutality, living conditions, oppression -190,000 troops in Vietnam -Freedom March -Voting Rights Act -Malcolm X assassinated -1966 -400,000 US troops in Vietnam, 6358 US casualties, 77,115 “enemy” deaths -first war broadcast on tv-footage, coffins coming home -First Acid Tests -Black Panthers founded -National Organization for Women forms -1967 -Riots in Detroit, other cities -ivil rhetorical shift -Peace movement grows -SF: Human Be-In, Summer of Love “dropping out of society”, anti-materialism, hitchhiking pacifist counterculture (white, upper middle class youth) *Smothers Brothers premieres -1968 -More white students drafted, mass outrage -RFK, MLK murdered -Tet Offensive -Open Housing Act and Low-Income Housing Bill -Chicago Democratic National Convention: Protests, police violence -Richard Nixon elected President -Kerner Commission Report -report on riots in cities-caused by poor living conditions, racial discrimination *Julia, The Mod Squad Premiere, Smothers Brothers DNC episode -1969 -Vietnamization (Nixon strategy) -Weathermen violence, bombings -Moon Landing -Woodstock Music and Art Festival -Manson Murders -Stonewall Riots catalyze Gay Liberation Front

Answer 192

- 1970-Kent State Massacre - 1972: Watergate Scandal - 1972: ERA and Backlash, Title IX - 1973: Wounded Knee occupation’

Answer 193

- Golden age of TV Documentaries ends - News coverage expands - key part of civil rights non-violence strategy-from local/repressed movement to nationwide concern - TV used to sell democratic social agenda, war - Circulate critiques of war (Dan Rather, Walter Cronkite) - THE WHOLE WORLD IS WATCHING-Chicago 1968 - African Americans’, women’s voices excluded from news editorial - white men deciding what goes on news

Answer 194

- “Established” conservative show, mainly hosted by older white men (Ed Sullivan) - “Teenager” shows like American Bandstand, Shindig, and Hullabaloo - both reflected some shifts in culture (e.g. British invasion) - neither really addressed counterculture discussion

Answer 195

- With Johnson Administration, back to Lowest Common Denominator/Least Objectionable) - Imitation, repetition, recombination - Populism/distraction: the Silly/Supernatural Sitcom - Hayseed Comedies: The Andy Griffith Show, Green Acres, Beverly Hillbillies - Supernatural Sitcoms: Bewitched, I Dream of Jeannie, I Married a Martian - Court/serve counter-cultural audience but with “contained” difference/opposition - “White Negro” Shows: I Spy, Julia - “Countercultural” Shows: The Mod Squad, the Smothers Bros. Comedy Hour, Laugh-In

Answer 196

- Maligned era not taken seriously - reading through those representations for evidence of larger culture - Family sitcoms lucrative, good for formula-way of reframing sitcom so not trying to show family that’s real that exists right now-because not real - white suburban utopias too different from reality - move from traditional/ideal to more wacky/deviant - alternative families in workplace - single parents (widows) - robots, witches, space families, etc. - Express doubts about society - nosy neighbors=paranoia - Feminine Strangeness of genies and robots - Feminine power could not be integrated into family life - Bottled-up rebelliousness - Ridiculousness of hiding in home

midterm Flashcards

(220 cards)