Midterm Flashcards
(200 cards)
1
Q
What is sex?
A
Biological sex/gender
Method of reproduction
Human behavior
2
Q
Gender Identity
A
Internal sense of self
3
Q
Gender Expression
A
How we communicate our gender
4
Q
Margaret Mead
A
Anthropologist
Studied binary gender roles in New Guinea
5
Q
Sexual Orientation
A
To whom you are attracted to
6
Q
Indifferent Stage
A
7 weeks fertilization, all reproductive structures are same in male/female embryos
7
Q
If not menstruating regularly
A
Not ovulating regularly
8
Q
3 layers of Fallopian Tubes
A
Outer covering
Middle muscular layer (peristalses to propel egg)
Inner mucosal layer (ciliated cells wave egg to uterus)
9
Q
3 layers of uterus
A
Perimetrium
Myometrium (muscular, contractions expel blood/babies)
Endometrium (thickens/sheds monthly)
10
Q
3 layers of vagina
A
Outer fibrous layer
Middle muscular layer
Inner mucosal layer
11
Q
3 parts of clitoris
A
Glans, body, crura
12
Q
3 Regions of Fallopian Tubes
A
(Out to in)
Infundibulum (before fimbriae)
Ampulla (curve)
Isthmus (neck)
13
Q
3 regions of uterus
A
Fundus (top
Body (main)
Cervix (neck)
14
Q
5-Alpha Reductase Deficiency
A
Normal testes/testosterone
Inability to convert it to DHT (active form)
MIS = no internal genitalia
Can’t sense (T) = externally female
Puberty: testosterone skyrockets, develop male characteristics
15
Q
Andenomyosis
A
Growth of endometrial tissue in myometrium
16
Q
Amenorrhea
A
Absence of menses for 3+ months
17
Q
Ampulla
A
Widening of vas deferens where it meets seminal vesicle
18
Q
Anal Anatomy
A
Epithelium (cell lining)
Sphincters
(External = voluntary)
(Internal = involuntary)
Hemorrhoidal Plexus (network of veins)
Nerve supply from pudendal nerve
19
Q
Androgen Insensitivity Syndrome
A
Testosterone made but not seen
Make and see MIS (no internal genitals)
Externally female
20
Q
Chromosomes
A
Humans have 23 pairs, 46 total
Contain multiple genes made of DNA
21
Q
External Breast Anatomy
A
Areola
Nipple
Montgomery Gland (little dots)
22
Q
Internal Breast Anatomy
A
Alveolar glands (produce milk)
Alveolar ducts (carry milk toward nipple)
Lactiferous duct (brings milk out of nipple)
Adipose tissue (determines breast size)
23
Q
Bulbourethral gland
A
Before exiting urethra
Secretes mucosa fluid during emission in response to sexual stimulation
Pre-cum
24
Q
Cervical stenosis
A
Cervical opening is small, menstruating is difficult
25
Cervix
Internal/external is
Glandular cells make mucus
26
Circumcision
Optional procedure detaching prepuce from glans
27
Cisgender
Gender identity matches bio sex/gender
28
Clitoris
Equal to (glans) penis in males. Highly sensitive erectile tissue
29
Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia
Normal female development until adrenal gland makes abnormally high levels of testosterone
Begin to masculinize
30
Corona Radiata
Granulosa cells form a halo around oocyte
31
Corpus Luteum
Secretes high levels of progesterone
32
Cryptorchidism
Undescended testicle
Treatment: surgery (orchiopexy)
33
Cycle Day 1
First day of menstrual bleeding
34
Cycle duration
Number of days of menstrual bleeding
35
Cycle length
Time from start of one cycle to start of next cycle
Average 28 days
36
Cystadenomas
Usually benign, mucous or fluid filled
Can become large
37
Dartos Muscle
Raises and lowers scrotum to regulate temp to keep sperm healthy
38
Dermoid Cyst
Form from an egg cell and contain hair, skin, and teeth
39
Dysmenorrhea
Extreme pain from menstrual cramps
Inherited or genetic
Sometimes due to other disorder
40
Dysmenorrhea Treatment
Anti-prostaglandin meds (ibuprofen), hormonal birth control, narcotic pain meds
41
Ejacualtion
Expelling sen from penis
Contractions in columns of penis force semen out through urethral meatus
42
Ejaculatory Duct
Fusion of vas deferens with ducts from seminal vesicle (drain into urethra)
43
Embryogenesis
First 8 weeks of fetal development
44
Emission
Getting sperm and fluids ready to go
Muscular contractions move sperm from testes, to epididymis, to vas deferens, to ejacualtory duct
45
Endocrine disrupting chemicals
Chemicals that act like hormones found in plastics, cosmetics, and pesticides
46
endocrine hormones
Travel via bloodstream
| From gland to organ
long distance
47
Endometriomas
Blood-filled cysts from endometriosis
48
Endometriosis
Growth of endometrial tissue inside body where it doesn't belong
49
Epididymis
Long coiled tube behind testes
Nourish/ transport sperm
Site of final maturation of sperm
50
Wolfian Ducts
Testosterone tells wolffian ducts to persist
MIS tells Müllerian ducts to disappear
Develop male
51
Genital tubercle in females
Becomes clitoris
52
Labioscrotal swelling in female
Becomes labia majora
53
Urogenital folds in female
Becomes labia minora
54
Urogenital sinus in female
Becomes lower 2/3 of vagina
Urethra
Bladder
55
Female gamete production
Have all oogonia at birth, but only produce one perfect gamete per month
56
Flow
Quantity/ heaviness of bleeding
57
Follicular Phase
Days 1-14
Hypothalamus: secretes GnRH
Anterior Pituitary: secretes LH and FSH
Uterus: lining sheds and starts to thicken again
58
Fordyce Spots
Visible sebaceous glands
59
Free vs Bound Hormones
Bound hormones need carrier protein (chaperone)
Testosterone and estrogen are both bound by SHBG
60
FSH
Tells gonads to make gametes
61
Gamete
Sex cell (sperm or ovum)
62
Cloacal Exstrophy
XY chromosome, normal testes/testosterone, no penis
63
Gender Neutrality Theory
Dr. John Money
Says intersex people could be nurtured into gender
Wrong
64
Graffenberg "G" Spot
Rigid tissue palpable on lower anterior wall of vagina
Can be pleasurable when stimulated
65
Granulosa Cells
Cells that line follicles
Convert androtenedione into testosterone
Converted into estradiol (estrogen) by aromatase enzyme
66
Hemorrhoids
Dilation of veins in Hemorrhoidal plexus
Caused by trauma
67
Hormone production in ovaries
Granulosa cells make estrogen
Corpus luteum makes progesterone
68
Hormone production in testes
Leydig cells produce testosterone in testicles
69
Hormone receptors
Hormones need specific receptors to be seen and put to work
70
Hymen
Thin to thick membrane covering vaginal orifice
71
Annular Hymen
Normal (one hole)
72
Remnant Hymen
Structure goes in a bit
73
Separate hymen
Band down the middle
Need surgery
74
Hydrocele
Accumulation of fluid around testicle
Uncomfortable, but doesn't require treatment
75
Hypospadias
Failure of fusion of urogenital folds
Urethra opens on underside of penis
76
Hypothalamic amenorrhea
No ovulation (can bleed irregular)
Risks: stress, diet, high exercise
77
Hypothalamus
Decision maker of hormones
Sends GnRH (chemical messenger) to say more sex hormones are needed
Negative feedback system
78
Gonads
Future ovaries or testes (from week 5)
79
Inguinal Canal
Passage from abdomen into scrotal sac
80
Inguinal hernia
Inguinal canal fails to close off completely, abdominal organs move into groin or scrotum
81
Intersex
XX or XY but have both ovarian and testicular tissue
82
Klinefelter's Syndrome
XXY male
Develop breasts, small male genitals, undescended testes, intellectual disability
May have Hypospadias
83
Leydig Cells
Make testosterone
84
LH
Tells gonads to make more sex hormones
85
LMP
1st day of bleeding of last menstrual period
86
Luteal phase
Days 14-28
High LH from ovulation
Tells empty follicle to become corpus luteum
If egg not fertilized, corpus luteum dies, progesterone falls, uterine lining sheds
87
Labioscrotal swelling in male
Fuse and become scrotum
88
Urogenital folds
Corpus spongiosum (underside of penis)
89
Urogenital sinus in male
Prostate and Bulbourethral glands,
Bladder
Urethra
90
Wolffian ducts become
Epididymis
Vas deferens
Seminal vesicle
Ejacualtory duct
91
Mammary glands
Produce milk
92
Mature/Graafian follicles
Oocyte completed first meiotic division and becomes secondary oocyte
93
Meiosis
1. ) Duplicate
2. ) Crossover
3. ) 1st Division
4. ) 2nd Division
5. ) 4 halfsie cells
94
Menorrhagia
Heavy menstrual bleeding
| >270 ml
95
Irregular menstruation
Length carries significantly from month to month
96
Metorrhagia
Long menses (10+ days)
97
Microppillomatosis
Finger like projections on vulva
98
Mitosis
Complete exact replica of parent cell, diploid (2 of each chromosome)
99
Mons Pubis
Cushion of fatty tissue
100
Bicornuate Uterus
Partial failure of fusion
101
Uterus Didelphys
No fusion, 2 separate uteruses
102
Oligomenorrhea
Infrequent cycles, <9 per year
103
Oogenesis
Gametogenesis in ovary
104
Outer cortex
Follicles form in cortex of ovary
105
Functional ovarian cyst
Common, normal ovarian structures considered cysts
106
Ovarian ligament
Connects ovary to uterus
107
Suspensory ligament and ovarian artery and vein
Connect to ovary
108
Ovulation
Day 14
Follicle is fully mature, bulging at surface of ovary
Positive feedback loop of LH with estrogen
109
Paracrine hormones
Travel short distance to nearby cell of target organ
110
External anatomy of penis
Base
Shaft
Glans
111
Internal anatomy of penis
Two corpora cavernosa (+ deep artery)
One corpus spongiosum (+ urethra)
Superficial and deep veins, nerves and arteries
112
Perimenstrual Dysphoric Disorder
Severe PMS cause impairment to normal functioning
113
Perineum
Between genitals and anus
114
Physical indicators of ovulation
Rise in basal body temp
Cervical mucus becomes more elastic
115
Pituitary gland
Recieves GnRH
Sends messengers LH and FSH to gonads
116
PCOS
Theca Cells make androgens, but Granulosa can't convert to estrogen
117
Polymenorrhea
Frequent cycles, more often than 28 days
118
Polythelia
More than 2 nipples
119
Premature ovarian failure
Premature menopause, ovary shuts down, low estrogen levels
120
PMS
3-10 days before menses
121
Primary follicles
Primary oocyte enlarges
Surrounding cells divide
Granulosa cell -> layer made zona pellucid -> theca cells surround Granulosa and make hormones
122
Primordial follicles
Surround oogonia
Layer of flattened epithelial cells
123
Prostate
Glad surrounding urethra
Secretes fluid into urethra during emission
Alkaline, enhances sperm mobility
124
Secondary follicles
Granulosa cells proliferate (several layers thick)
Fluid filled spaces join and form antrum
Takes 4 months
125
Seminal vesicle
Paired glands, secrete fluid into ejacualtory duct during emission
126
Seminiferous tubules
Where sperm is produced, tiny coils packed into testes
127
Sertoli cells
Nurture / protect sperm
Encourage development
Make MIS
128
Sex chromosomes
23rd chromosome pair
129
Skenes gland
Located on both sides of urethra
Like male prostate
Can secret fluid for female ejacualtion
130
Spermatic cord
Testes, blood vessels, vas deferens = bundle
131
Spetmatid
Large fat cell without tail
132
Spermatocele
Cyst that forms off epididymis
Uncomfortable, but harmless
133
Spermatogenesis
Creation of immature Spetmatids by meiosis
Stimulated by FSH and helped by sertoli cells
134
Spermiogenesis
Process of turning Spetmatid into mature spermatocyte
135
Squamocolumnar Junction
Where two cell types mere
(Stratified squamous and columnar epithelium)
Bacteria thrive here
136
SRY Gene
Sex determining region
If present:
indifferent gonads become testes
Male development
137
Testicular torsion
Emergency
Twisting it spermatic cord, cuts off blood supply to testicle
138
Theca Cells
Surround follicles
Turn cholesterol into weak androgen called androtenedione (much like testosterone)
139
Tunica albugenia
Outer ovary
Or
Tough outer white capsule of testicle
140
Turner's syndrome
XO female
Only one sex chromosome
Broad chest, webbed neck, short, infertile
141
Uterine fibroids
Leiomyomas, common
Benign tumors in uterus
142
Uterus ligaments
Broad ligament
Round ligament
143
Vaginal environment
Acidic
Bacteria live here to keep it healthy
144
Vaginal nerve supply
Upper vagina: visceral nerve from pelvic plexus (general signals rather than fine sensation)
Lower vagina: somatic nerve branches from pudendal nerve (specific sensation like skin)
145
Varicocele
Varicose veins in scrotum
Enlargement of pampiniform plexus of veins in spermatic cord
Discomfort but no treatment required
146
Vas deferens
Two muscular tubes that bring sperm up/out of scrotum
147
Vestibular/Bartholin's glands
Secrete lubricating fluid in response to sexual arousal
Located on both sides of vaginal orifice
148
Vestibular bulbs
Two masses of erectile tissue on either side of vestibule, behind labia
149
Vestibule
Area between labia minora, contains opening to urethra, vagina, and glands
150
Vulva nerve supply
Pudendal nerve supplies external genitalia, anus, and lower 1/3 of vagina
151
X chromosome
Has tons of important info for life
Can't live without it
152
Xenoestrogens
Atrizine (weed killer)
BPA (plastics, can lining)
Philatates (plasticizers, cosmetics)
153
XX males
Abnormally present SRY gene on another chromosome
SRY turns on gonads, testes;
Leydig make testosterone
Sertoli make MIS
154
Y chromosome
Smallest chromosome
Not necessary for life
SRY gene, genes for sperm production
Physical features: tooth size, height, hand/foot size
155
XX
Female
No SRY gene
156
XY
Male
SRY gene present
157
Screening
- common
- accurate test
- a symptomatic condition
- treatable condition
- morbidity
158
Acute HIV
- rapid replication
- most screenings will be negative
- sometimes flu symptoms
159
Clinical Latency (HIV)
- no symptoms
- virus is in immune cells
- lasts about 8 years if HIV is untreated
160
AIDS
- immune system loses battle
- opportunistic infections
- unimpeded viral replication
161
Parasitic infections
Caused by fomites
| -underwear, towels, sheets
162
Trichomonas
- unicellular
- asymptomatic
- women: causes vaginitis, green discharge, discomfort
- in men, usually asymptomatic, can cause urethritis
- can be latent for years and suddenly become symptomatic
- treated with antibiotics
163
Pubic Lice
- multicellular
- cause itching
- treated with topical cream
164
Scabies
- technically not STI, but often transmitted this way
- burrow under skin and multiply
- treated with topical cream
165
Primary Syphilis
- 10-90 days after exposure
- painless chancre
- 30-50% transmission rate
- resolved spontaneously in 4-6 weeks
166
Secondary Syphilis
- 1-6 months later
- rash, fatigue, body aches
- condyloma lata, waxy looking warts
- highly infectious (30%)
167
Latent Syphilis
- no signs/symptoms
| - still infectious, especially early in this phase
168
Tertiary Syphilis
- 1-10 to 50 years after infection
- Gummas, soft tumors
- neurological symptoms
- cardiovascular problems
- can be fatal
169
Syphilis
- transmitted via exposure to chancre or lesion
| - Treated with penicillin
170
Chlamydia
- vaginal and anal transmission
- very contagious (30-40% transmission rate)
-75% of women and 50% of men have no symptoms
- single dose antibiotics
- no sex 7 days
- recheck in 3 months
171
Gonorrhea
- vaginal, anal, AND oral sex
- very contagious, 70% vaginal receptive, 30% penile insertive
-only 10% have NO symptoms (unless rectal)
- treated with antibiotic injection and oral
- no sex 7 days
- recheck in 3 months
172
Chlamydia and Gonorrhea Symptoms
- epididymis, urethritis, vaginitis, cervicitis, PID, Proctitis
- Pharyngitis and disseminated disease in gonorrhea only
173
PID
- infection of uterus, Fallopian tubes, ovaries
- fever, pelvic pain
- can cause infertility
174
Folliculutis
- bacterial infection of hair follicles
- redness, bumps, itching, sometimes look like pimples
- from rubbing/friction, shaving
- treated with cleansing, exfoliating, ointment
175
Fungal Infections of Skin
- itching, rash, can have pain
- treated with anti fungal creams
- keep skin cool and dry
176
Molluscum Contagiosum
- technically not sti, but often acquired that way by college students
- viral infection transmitted by skin/skin contact
- small bumps with dimple (central umbilication)
- can be treated with cryotherapy or curette (scraping)
177
Urethritis
- infection of urethra
- most commonly caused by STIs, sometimes by irritants or bacterial infections
- burning w/urination, blood/pus
178
Cystitis
- bacterial infection of bladder
- 30% of females will have one in their lifetime
- pain/blood with urination, urgency and frequency, abdominal pain
- treated with antibiotics
179
Pylonephritis
- bladder infection moves up into kidney
- same causes as cystitis, morse severe infection
- fever, back pain, nausea
- long term antibiotics, sometimes via IV
180
Spontaneous abortion (miscarriage)
- due to genetic effect
| - 50% of fertilized eggs
181
PBDE
- flame retardants
| - lower physical and intellectual abilities
182
DES
- synthetic estrogen
| - vaginal cancer
183
1st trimester
- fatigue, nausea, loss of appetite
- tender breasts
- high HCG
184
2nd trimester
- fetal movement
- start to "show"
- estrogen/progesterone secreted by placenta
185
3rd trimester
- placenta makes lactogen (breasts ready for milk)
| - and relaxin (helps childbirth)
186
Labor
- oxytocin released, contractions
- cervix thins, dilates
- 3-36 hours
187
Induction of Labor
- pitocin, causes contractions
- misoprostol
- nipple stim (release oxytocin)
188
Pushing
- takes 5 mins to 3 hours
- engage abdominal muscles and relax pelvic floor
- pelvis separates slightly
- fetal expulsion
189
Fontanels
Soft spot on baby's head
190
Shoulder dystocia
Shoulders can't fit through mother's pelvis
Life threatening
191
Delivery
Cord is clamped/cut
Stimulated to cry
Baby is dried
192
Epistomy
Cut vulvar skin for delivering baby
Uncommon practice now
193
Delivery of placenta
1-30 mins post fetus delivery
Signified by gush of blood
194
Vasectomy
Vas deferens cut
195
Ella
Delay ovulation up to 5 days post sex
No weight limit
Can interfere w/ birth control
196
Plan B
Up to 72 hours post sex
Not effective if over 165 lbs
197
Medical abortion
16% before 8 weeks
Induce miscarriage
198
Row v Wade
1973, woman's right to privacy and personal liberty
Abortion must be legal before viability (24-28 weeks)
199
Surgical abortion
Use of suction to evacuate products of conception
200
Yeast infection
Overgrown organisms
Itching, rash, pain
Treated with cream
