Midterm Flashcards
1
Q
Reproductive efficiency is a result of
A
- Days that a cow spends in the most efficient time of lactation
- Cull rate due to reproductive failure
2
Q
4 reproductive indices that determine reproductive efficiency
A
- Voluntary Waiting Period (VWP)
- Estrous Detection Rate (EDR)
- Conception Rate
- Pregnancy Loss
3
Q
Pregnancy Rate (Dairy Cows)
A
# cows pregnant ---------------------------------- # cows eligible to become pregnant in a 21d cycle
4
Q
Voluntary Waiting Period
A
Period that allows the anatomical and functional return of the genital tract to pregravid state
5
Q
Uterine Involution
A
Happens during VWP
Decrease in uterine size
Re-epithelialization of intercaruncular endometrium
6
Q
Early onset of ovarian cyclicity during VWP facilitates
A
- Uterine involution
2. Resolution of uterine infections
7
Q
Ideal Voluntary Waiting Period
A
70-80 days
8
Q
Strategies that are used to correct and reverse low reproductive efficiency
A
- Environment of cow (e.g. cow comfort)
- How employees deal with cow
- Minimize post-partum disease (e.g. transition cow nutrition)
- Implement reproductive management to increase PR (e.g. Timed AI)
9
Q
Estrus Detection Rate
A
Determines when cows are first artificially inseminated after VWP
10
Q
Ovsynch Protocol
A
Day 0: GnRH
Day 7: PGF2a
Day 9: GnRH
Day 10: TAI (Inseminate 6-10 hours before ovulation)
11
Q
Percent of cows that become pregnant after any given breeding
A
25-45%
12
Q
After AI, if cows are not seen in estrus, how can you check for pregnancy?
A
Ultrasound (26-32d)
Palpate (35-42d)
Chemical diagnosis via PAGs (32d)
13
Q
Pregnancy Rate (Beef Cattle)
A
# cows pregnant ---------------------------- # cows with bulls during breeding period
14
Q
What is the primary sign that a cow is in estrus?
A
Standing to be mounted
The cow doing the mounting is in proestrus
15
Q
Presynch-Ovsynch Protocol
A
Day 0: PGF2a Day 14: PGF2a Day 26: GnRH Day 33: PGF2a Day 35: GnRH Day 36: TAI
16
Q
Types of heat detection aids
A
Pressure-activated (KMAR)
Chalk/paint
Pressure detector
Activity monitors
17
Q
Causes of anestrus
A
Poor nutrition Negative energy balance Poor BCS Cystic ovaries/tumors Pyometra Congenital defects Pregnancy Heat stress
18
Q
Fate of first wave
A
50% ovulate
25% do not ovulate
25% become cystic
19
Q
Clinical signs of cystic follicular degeneration
A
Frequent estrus
Irregular estrous cycle
Anestrus
20
Q
Diagnosis of cystic follicular degeneration
A
Anovulatory follicle >25mm (“large follicle”)
No CL
Lack of uterine tone
Flaccid uterus
21
Q
Follicular cysts produce
A
Estrogen
22
Q
Luteal cysts produce
A
Progesterone
23
Q
Best Tx for luteal cysts
A
PGF2a
Ovsynch
DO NOT MANUALLY RUPTURE
24
Q
Most common ovarian tumor
A
Granulosa cell tumor
25
Pyometra in cows
Causes by bacteriodes, venereal disease
Diagnosed by palpating pus in uterus, presence of CL, anestrus
Treat with PGF2a
*NOT an emergency, they are not clinically sick
26
Uterine Segmental Aplasia
One side doesn't develop
| Treat with unilateral ovariectomy
27
Infectious causes of anestrus (bovine)
Viruses, Bacteria, Protozoan
| IBR, BVD, Clostridium, Lepto, Campy, Neospora, Tritrichomonas
28
Types of breeding programs (equine)
Natural service
| AI
29
Factors affecting equine pregnancy rates
Breeding management
Stallion fertility
Mare fertility
Early pregnancy detection
30
Estrus length (equine)
4-7 days
31
Length of estrous cycle (equine)
Depends on day length
| Longer days -> shorter cycle
32
Length and sign of diestrus (equine)
14 days
| Progesterone influence ->mare will have ears back, strike, kick
33
Equine uterus during estrus
Wagon wheel/orange peel sign
34
Equine cervix during estrus vs diestrus
Estrus: estrogen influence -> shorter, softer, pink
Diestrus: progesterone influence -> longer, firmer, tighter, white
35
Equine ovulatory agents
```
Deslorelin Acetate (causes LH release)
HCG (acts as LH)
```
36
When to breed a mare?
As close to ovulation as possible
37
"Conservative" approach to inseminating mares
0 hr: call for semen
24 hr: 1st AI, give hCG
48 hr: 2nd AI
60 hr: ovulation
38
"Daredevil" approach to inseminating mares
0 hr: call for semen, give hCG
24 hr: 1st AI
36 hr: ovulation
48 hr: post-breeding Tx
39
Subfertile mare
Not pregnant after repeated matings
Cannot carry pregnancy to term
Has known reproductive pathology
Has behavioral issues that affect reproduction
40
Causes of subfertility
Breeding management
Conformation defects
Susceptibility to endometritis
41
Types of endometritis
Non-infectious (Post-mating Induced Metritis- PMIE)
| Infectious (Acute or Chronic)
42
Mare with poor clearance
```
(Vulva protrudes more than anus)
Middle aged or aged mare
Pluriparous
Pendulous uterus with poor contractility
Perineal defects
```
43
"Atypical" susceptible mare
Middle-aged mare
Maiden
Cervical incompetence during estrus
Cervix stays tightly closed because it has never had to dilate
44
BSE/assessment of infertility of mares include
```
PE
Ultrasound
Uterine culture
Uterine cytology
Low volume lavage
Vaginal speculum examination
Hysteroscopy
Assess oviductal patency
```
45
Treatment strategies for mare infertility
Correct anatomical defects (poor clearance -> suture part of vulva)
Reduce contamination
Breed close to ovulation
Uterine lavage
Ecbolic agents (cause uterine contractions e.g. Oxytocin)
Antimicrobial agents
46
Methods of pregnancy diagnosis (mare)
```
Behavioral assessment
Vaginal speculum examination
Transrectal palpation
Transrectal ultrasonography
Hormonal assays
```
47
Diagnosis of twins (mare)
Ultrasound at day 13-15 gestation
48
Risk of carrying twins (mare)
Twins compromise placentation
| Early termination of pregnancy in 2/3 of cases
49
Manual embryo crush
Best during motility phase: day 16-17
Milk vesicle up to blunt end of uterine horn, isolate it, and crush it
90% success
50
Equine pregnancy Day 20-25
Toned uterus, narrow, elongated cervix
Rarely detectable with palpation, need U/S
Guitar pick shaped
Embryonic heartbeat: day 24
51
Equine pregnancy 23-26
Development of fetal membranes (allantois)
Regression of yolk sac
Embryo starts to "lift off"
52
Equine pregnancy day 30-35
Toned uterus, narrow, elongated cervix
| Hen's egg bulge (day 30)
53
Early embryonic death
Most commonly occurs up to 30 days gestation
| Accounts for 25% pregnancy loss
54
Equine pregnancy day 35-40
```
Toned uterus, narrow, elongated cervix
Tennis ball shaped bulge
Transition from "embryo" to "fetus"
Organogenesis begins -- can see umbilicus
Formation of endometrial cups (day 36)
```
55
Management of twins in equine pregnancy >40 days
Transvaginal u/s-guided aspirate
Cranio-cervical dislocation (60% success)
Transabdominal u/s-guided cardiac puncture
56
Equine pregnancy day 60-65
Vesicle expands into uterine body
Child-sized football shaped
Less tone in gravid horn, non-gravid horn is toned
Fetal sexing
57
Fetal sexing of equine fetus
Day 59-68
Female- clitoris is at tail head
Male- prepuce and penis are by umbilicus
58
Equine pregnancy day 75-120
Uterus is pulled ventrally
Basketball shaped
Need to differentiate from bladder (palpate to cervix)
Difficult to image transrectal
59
Equine pregnancy day 150-200
Uterine descent is complete
Fetal ballotment is consistent
Transabdominal u/s is best approach
60
Most common site of infection in equine pregnancy
Cervical star
61
Hormonal assays in equine pregnancy detection
May detect progesterone, equine chorionic gonadotropin, estrogens
MINIMALLY USEFUL
62
Sensitive indicators of pregnancy (mare)
Transrectal U/S (BEST!)
| Transrectal palpation
63
Insensitive indicators of pregnancy (mare)
Behavior
Cervical changes
Hormonal assays
64
Ideal bull: cow ratio
1:25
65
Requirements for breeding bulls
1. Physically sound and in good health
2. Functional reproductive system
3. Strong libido and fertile sperm
4. Free of venereal diseases
66
What accessory sex glands does a bull have?
All
Vesicular glands
Ampulla
Prostate
Bulbourethral glands
67
What accessory sex glands does a stallion have?
All
Vesicular glands
Ampulla
Prostate
Bulbourethral glands
68
Seminal vesiculitis (bull)
ONLY frequently diagnosed disease of bovine accessory sex glands
Caused by A. Pyogenes, Brucella abortus, H. Somni, Mycobacterium sp.
69
Penile fibropapilloma
Warts
Most cases clear after excision
Pox virus
70
Example of a (morphological) penile abnormality (bull)
Corkscrew penis
71
Penile hematoma (bull)
Caused by a break in the tunica albuguinea with escape of blood from corpus cavernosum
72
Prolapsed prepuce (bull)
Most common in Bos indicus
Congenital
Tx: clean, antibiotics, sling. If not healed in 2 weeks -> Sx ("Reefing" aka circumscision)
73
What three factors are highly correlated in bull reproductive physiology?
Scrotal circumference
Testicular size
Sperm production
74
Effects of large scrotal circumference on offspring (bulls)
Earlier puberty of sons and daughters
75
Effects of large scroll circumference on offspring of litter-bearing animals
Daughters with more active ovaries
76
Satisfactory semen quality in bulls requires
>30% motility
>70% morphology
77
"Deferred" classification of breeding potential in bulls means
Need re-evaluation at a later date
Substandard, but has the ability to improve
78
Venereal disease pathogens of bulls
Tritrichomonas foetus
Campylobacter fetus spp. Venerealis
79
Paraphymosis
Most common penile abnormality in stallions
Can't retract penis
Causes: trauma, inflammation, phenothiazine tranquilizers
Tx: Hydrotherapy, massage, local ointment, Abx, NSAIDS
80
Priapism
Penile abnormality of stallion
Prolonged erection
May lead to paraphimosis
81
Habronemiasis
Skin disease on penis of stallion that is causes by spiruid stomach worm larvae
82
Most common pathogens that cause local bacterial infection in stallion reproductive tract
1. Pseudomonas aerguinosa
2. Klebsiella pneumoruae
3. Taylorella equigenitalis (CEM)
83
Stallion semen collection (How many samples? When do you collect?)
Two samples approximately 1 hour apart
84
Methods/equipment of stallion semen collection
Artificial vagina
Condom
Manual stimulation
Pharmacologically induced (last resort)
85
What is a jump mare?
Ovarihysterectomized mare that still displays estrus but cannot get pregnant
Used to excite stallion
86
Total sperm number
Volume (mL) x concentration (10^6 sperm/mL)
87
Satisfactory sperm requirements (stallion)
>60% morphology
>60% motility
>1 billion progressively motile, morphological normal sperm
Can inseminate 40 mares via natural service and 120 via AI
88
Total scrotal width in stallions is correlated with
Sperm production
89
Torsion of spermatic cord
Problematic when >180 degrees
Will cause: severe colic, scrotal swelling, testicular ischemia, and a negative effect on the contralateral testis
Tx: Sx
90
Inguinal/scrotal hernia
Scrotal abnormality of stallion
Intestines enter vaginal cavity through vaginal ring
Predisposing factors: enlarged vaginal ring, breeding, exercise, transport
Tx: castration recommended
91
Occluded ampulla
Issue with stallions
Caused by low frequency of ejaculation
Signs: azoospermia, tailless sperm heads
Dx: U/S will show prominent, enlarged lumen of ampulla with hyperchoic content in terminal part of ductus deferens
Tx: massage, oxytocin, frequent ejaculation
92
Seminal Vesiculitis (stallions)
Rare
Bacterial infection
Causes infertility, poor semen quality, pyospermia, hemospermia
LARGE #S INFLAMMATORY CELLS IN SEMEN
Tx: endoscopic lavage, infusion of Abx, systemic Abx
93
BSE does not measure actual fertility, it only measures _______
Fertility potential
Results are only valid for the day of the exam and cannot guarantee what an animal will do in the future
94
Main causes of equine abortions
Twin pregnancies
Umbilical cord torsion
Viral/bacterial/fungal infections
Digestion of a large amount of Eastern Tent Caterpillars
95
Umbilical torsion in equine pregnancy
Umbilicus >85cm
>5 twists
Blood flow restriction causes fetal death/abortion
96
Equine Rhinopneumonitis (Equine Herpes Virus 1)
Respiratory disease that causes neuro signs and abortion
Transmission: respiratory, contact
*Viable for several weeks in environment
Endemic to USA
No clinical signs until late term (>7 mo) abortion
Dx: necropsy: necrotic foci of liver and edema of lungs. Histopathology: eosinophilic inclusions
Also- virus isolation, PCR
Tx: supportive care
Prevention: vaccines, separate pregnant mares from other animals
97
Equine Viral Arteritis
Global distribution, last case in USA: Idaho 2007
Caused by equine arteritis virus
Respiratory or venereal transmission
Only stallions can be carriers
Virus can survive in frozen semen
Clinical signs: fever, lacrimation, nasal d/c, edema
*Non-pregnant mare that is bred to infected male will contract virus, but will not abort her own fetus. If she spread the virus to other pregnant mares via respiratory route, they will abort their fetuses.
Aborted fetus is partially autolysed
Dx: semen neutralization test, virus isolation, PCR, test breed stallions
Prevention: test all breeding stallions once per year, vaccinate
98
Bacterial placentitis (mares)
*Most common cause of equine abortions in US
Types: Ascending, nocardiform, hematogenous
Dx: avillous areas
Tx: systemic antibiotics, altrenogest (regumate), NSAIDs, Pentoxyfylline
99
What is the most common cause of equine abortions in US?
Bacterial placentitis
100
Ascending bacterial placentitis
Caused by Strep, E.coli, Klebsiella, Pseudomonas
Clinical signs: vaginal d/c, premature mammary gland development, abortion
Dx: U/S will show increased CTUP and placental separation
101
Nocardiaform Bacterial Placentitis
Caused by Nocardiaform actinomyces
102
Hematogenous Bacterial Placentitis
Rare
| Caused by Leptospira
103
Most common ovarian tumor
Granulosa cell tumor
104
Clinical signs of granulosa cell tumor
Behavioral changes: mare will have stallion-like responses, aggression, anestrus or persistent estrus (nymphomania)
105
Contagious Equine Metritis
Taylorella equigenitalis
Venereal disease of horses
Causes high rate of infertility (40%)
Mares: neutrophilic endometritis, gray-white vaginal discharge, short term infertility, mares & foals may become carriers
Stallions: no clinical signs, are carriers
Dx: culture swabs, test breed stallions
Tx: only under state veterinarian, 4% chlorhex, 0.2% nitrofurazone, 21d quarantine
