Midterm Flashcards
(135 cards)
1
Q
How do you find mean?
A
Add up all the numbers and divide by the number of numbers
2
Q
How do you find mode?
A
Look for the number that is most reoccurring
3
Q
How do you find range?
A
Take the highest number and subtract from the lowest number
4
Q
How many mm are in a micrometer?
A
1000 micrometers
5
Q
What are the three main rules of the cell theory?
A
- All living things are composed of cells
- Cells are the smallest unit of life
- Cells come from pre-existing cells and cannot be created from non-living material
6
Q
What are multicellular organisms? Example?
A
They are composed of many cells
Ex Humans
7
Q
What are unicellular organisms? Example?
A
They are composed of only one cell
Ex bacteria
8
Q
What are the four most frequently occurring elements in living things?
A
Hydrogen
Oxygen
Nitrogen
Carbon
9
Q
Describe the role of sulfur
A
Needed for the synthesis of two amino acids
10
Q
Describe the role of calcium
A
Acts as a messenger by binding to proteins which regulate transcription and other processes in the cell
11
Q
Describe the role of phosphorous
A
Is part of DNA molecules and is also part of the phosphate groups in ATP
12
Q
Describe the role of iron
A
Is needed for the synthesis of cytochromes which are proteins used during electron transport for aerobic cell respiration
13
Q
Describe the role of sodium
A
When it enters the cytoplasm, it raises the solute concentration which causes water to enter by osmosis
14
Q
Draw and label a diagram showing the structure of water molecules to show their polarity and hydrogen bond formation
A
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15
Q
Outline the thermal property of water
A
Heat capacity, boiling and freezing points and the cooling effect of evaporation
16
Q
Outline the cohesive properties of water
A
Hydrogen bonds hold the water molecules together, water moves up plants
17
Q
Outline the solvent properties of water
A
Many different substances can dissolve in it because of its polarity
18
Q
What are organic compounds?
A
Compounds that are found in living organisms that contain carbon
19
Q
What are inorganic compounds?
A
Living organisms that don’t contain carbon
There are a few exceptions like carbon dioxide, carbonated, and hydrogen carbonates
20
Q
Be able to identify amino acids, glucose, ribose and fatty acids from diagrams showing their structure
A
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21
Q
List three examples of monosaccharides
A
Glucose, galactose and fructose
22
Q
List three examples of disaccharides
A
Maltose, lactose and sucrose
23
Q
List three examples of polysaccharides
A
Starch, glycogen and cellulose
24
Q
Be able to perform hydrolysis and condensation reaction problem using either carbohydrate, lipids, or proteins (show reactants and products)
A
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25
Be able to draw a molecular structure of glucose in ring form
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26
State three functions of lipids
- Used for energy storage in the form of fat in humans and oil in plants
- Heat insulation as fat under the skin reduces heat loss
- Allow buoyancy as they are less dense than water and so animals can float in water
- Component of cell membranes
27
Compare the use of carbohydrates and lipids in energy storage
- Carbohydrates are used for short term storage whereas lipids are used for long term storage
- Carbohydrates are soluble in water
- Lipids have approximately twice the energy per mass as carbohydrates
28
Outline the DNA nucleotide structure in terms of sugar (deoxyribose), base, and phosphate
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29
State the four bases in DNA
Adenine, thymine, guanine, cytosine
30
Define enzyme
Globular proteins which act as catalysts of chemical reactions
31
Define active site
Region on the surface of an enzyme to which substrates bind and which catalysts a chemical reaction involving the substrates
32
Explain enzyme-substrate specificity
The active site of an enzyme is very specific to its substrates as it has a very precise shape. this results in enzymes being able to catalyze only certain reactions as only a number of substrates fit in the active site. This enzyme-substrate complex can be compared to a lock and key where the enzyme is the lock and the substrate is the key
33
Define denaturation
A structural change in a protein that results in the loss (usually permanent) of its biological properties
34
Explain the effects of temperature, pH, and substrate concentration on enzyme activity
- Action increases as temp increases due to increased molecular collisions, but starts to decrease after optimal temp. Eventually it denatures
- Optimal pH
35
Explain the use of lactase in the production of lactose-free milk
- Some people lack the enzyme lactase so they cannot break down lactose leading to lactose intolerance
- These people need to drink milk that has become lactose reduced
- Lactose-free milk can be made by adding the enzyme lactase to milk so that the milk contains the enzyme
36
What is lactose?
The sugar found in milk, can be broken down by the enzyme lactase into glucose and galactose
37
Be able to calculate the linear magnification of a microscope drawing and the actual size of specimens in images of known magnification
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38
Define substrate
The compound an enzyme acts
39
Most enzymes are _____
Proteins
40
What is the role of pepsin?
Stomach enzyme used to break down into proteins. Works at very acidic pH
41
What is the role of lactase?
A digestive enzyme that breaks lactose into glucose and galactose. Low levels of lactase can result in lactose intolerance
42
Define high specificity
The enzyme will only bind with a single type of substrate
43
Define low specificity
The enzyme will bind a range of related substrates
44
Define the lock and key model
Proposed that the substrate was simply drawn into a closely matching cleft on the enzyme molecule
45
What are the three steps of the lock and key model?
1. A substrate is drawn into the active sites of the enzymes
2. The substrate shape must be compatible with the enzymes active site in order to fit and be reacted upon
3. The enzyme modifies the substrate. In this instance is broken down, releasing two products
46
What is the difference between lock and key model and the induced fit?
The enzyme slightly changes shape in the induced fit, but when released, returns to its normal shape
47
Define catalysts
They speed up reactions by influencing the stability of bonds in the reactants
48
Define carbohydrates
A family of organic molecules made up of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen atoms
49
What is the general formula of a carbohydrate?
(CH2O)x
50
Role of monosaccharides
Used as a primary energy source for feuling cellular metabolism
51
What are monosaccharides? List examples
Single-sugar molecules
Ex glucose and fructose
52
Define isomers
Compounds with the same chemical formula that have a different arrangement of atoms
53
Define structural isomers
They have the atoms linked in a different sequence from one another
54
Alpha glucose polymers form _______
Starch
55
Beta-glucose polymers form _______
Cellulose
56
Define optical isomers
Identical in every way but are mirror images of each other
57
What are examples of structural isomers?
Alpha-glucose and beta-glucose
58
What are disaccharides?
Double-sugar molecules joined with a glycosidic bond
59
What are the components of lactose?
Glucose + Galactose
60
What are the components of sucrose?
Glucose + Fructose
61
What are the components of Maltose?
Glucose + Glucose
62
What is another word for simple sugars?
Monosaccharides
63
Monosaccharides are used as a _____
Primary energy source for fueling cell metabolism
64
Define reducing sugars
Sugars that can participate in reduction reactions
65
Define condensation
Monosaccharides combine to form compound sugars
66
Define hydrolysis
Compound sugars are broken down
67
Lipids are relatively _____ and tend to be _____
Insoluble in water; water-repelling
68
What are neutral fats composed of?
A glycerol molecule attached to one, two, or three fatty acids
69
Define saturated fatty acids
Contain the maximum number of hydrogen atoms
70
Define unsaturated fatty acids
Contain some carbon atoms that are double-bonded with each other and are not fully saturated with hydrogens
71
Lipids with a high proportion of unsaturated fatty acids are ____ and tend to be ______
Oils; liquid at room temperature
72
Outline phospholipids
- The main component of cellular membranes
- Consist of a glycerol molecule attached to two fatty acid chains and a phosphate group
- The phosphate end is hydrophilic white the fatty end is hydrophobic
73
Define phospholipid bilayer
The hydrophobic ends of a phospholipid (fatty acid ends) create this membrane
74
What is the structure f steroids?
Three rings made of 6 carbon atoms each and a fourth ring containing 5 carbon atoms
75
Define nucleic acids
Group of chemicals in cells concerned with the transmission of inherited information; they have the capacity to store the information that controls cellular activity
76
Function of RNA
Involved in the reading of the DNA information
77
Define nucleotides
Building blocks of DNA
78
What are the base pairs?
Adenine-Thymine
Guanine-Cytosine
Uracil-Adenine (only in RNA)
79
Define amino acids
The basic units from which proteins are made
80
Amino acids can form _____ in a condensation reaction
Peptide chains
81
What is the only difference between animo acids?
The R group
82
What things cause denaturation?
Strong acids and alkalis, heavy metals, heat and radiation, detergents and solvents
83
Define denaturation
The loss of the 3D structure of a protein; often, but not always permanent
84
Properties and functions of fibrous proteins
- Water insoluble
- Very tough physically
- Parallel polypeptide chains
- Structural role in cells and organisms
- Contractile
85
Properties an functions of globular proteins
- Water soluble
- Tertiary structure
- Polypeptide chains folded into spherical shape
- Catalytic
- Regulatory
- Transport
- Protective
86
Define organism
Units of life
87
Three major structural levels above the cell
Tissues --> Organs --> Organ Systems
88
Hierarchy of biological organization
Population --> Species --> Community --> Ecosystem
89
What are emergent properties? Example?
Two parts cannot work well separately, but work well together
Ex head and handle of a hammer
90
Define reductionism
Reducing complex systems to simpler components that are more manageable to study
91
Hierarchy pf biological organization ex
Molecule, Organelle, Cells, Tissues, Organ, An organism in a community
92
Define molecular formula
Expressed the number of atoms in a molecule
93
Define structural formula
Conveys the structure of a molecule
94
The most important feature of the chemical behavior of water is its _______
Dipole nature
95
Properties of water
Ice is less dense than water, high surface tension, low viscosity, liquid at room temp, colorless, cohesive props and high tensile strength, universal solvent, high energy needed to change states, can absorb a lot of energy for only a small ride in temperature
96
Define polar
To have negative charge and positive charge
97
Define dipole nature
Both a positive and negative charge
98
Carbon and hydrogen are _____
The foundation of organic molecules
99
Atomic number
Number of protons
100
How to find neutrons
Atomic mass - atomic number
101
Hydrogen ions are _____
Active transport, photosynthesis, cell respiration
102
Oxygen role
Aerobic respiration
103
Nitrogen role
Production of amino acids
104
Hydrophilic definition
Dissolve in water
105
Hydrophobic definition
Insoluble in water
106
Water provides an environment in which ___
Metabolic reactions can take place
107
Properties of water
- Thermal- water>liquid>gas
- Cohesive- polar nature makes it sticky
- Solvent
108
Cohesion vs adhesion
Cohesion-other things stick to it
Adhesion-it sticks to other things
109
Water as a habitat
Stable temp, surface tension, density, currents, transparent, solvent, expansive, thermal props
110
Define lipids
Group of organic compounds with an oily, greasy, or waxy consistency
111
Typical lipids consist of ______
Fatty acids and glycerol
112
Simple lipids ex
Fats, oils, wax
113
Lipids can be classified as ____
Simple lipids, phospholipids, steroids
114
Roles of lipids
Biological fuels, hormones, structural components of membranes
115
Lipids provide _____ as much energy as carbohydrates
Twice
116
Phospholipids form the ___ of cellular membranes
Structural framework
117
Fat _____ shocks
Absorbs
118
Lipids are a source of ________
Metabolic water
119
Stores lipids provide ______ in extreme environments
Insulation
120
Neutral fats
Most common lipid in living things
121
One fatty acid, two fatty acids, three fatty acids
Monoglyceride, diglyceride, triglyceride (triacyglycerol)
122
Fats are ____ at 20C
Solid
123
Oils are ____ at 20C
Liquid
124
Phospholipids consist of
Glycerol molecule, two fatty acid chains, phosphate group
125
Phospholipid bilayer
Main component of cellular membranes
126
Glycerol
Alcohol containing three carbons
127
Most enzymes are ___
Proteins
128
Catabolic reactions
Break down complex molecules into simpler ones
129
Anabolic reactions
Two substrate molecules form bonds and become a single molecule
130
Reversible inhibitors
Control enzyme activity
131
Non competitive inhibition
Slow the reaction rate
132
Allosteric inhibition
Similar to non competitive, but always reversible
133
Factors that cause denaturation
Temperature is too high, extremes in acidity (pH)
134
What do living things have in common?
Eat, DNA, reproduce, cells, communicate
135
How to find magnification?
Magnification=image size/ actual size
