Midterm

Question 1

Alexander the Great

Answer 1

bishop who opposed Arius’ view of Christ created.

Question 2

Alexius Comnenus

Answer 2

emperor of Byzantium Seljuk Turks

Question 3

Ambrose of Milan

Answer 3

governor in Milan, declared bishop after riots break out between Arians and supporters of Nicene Creed

Question 4

Anselm of Canterbury

Answer 4

believed reason could be used to better understand faith

Question 5

Anthony

Answer 5

son of wealthy Egyptian parents, sold property, moved to desert, buried in unmarked grave, owned only a cloak that was given to Bishop Athanasius when he died.

Question 6

Thomas Aquinas

Answer 6

Dominican monk, taught at University of Paris, wrote Summa Theologica (summary and argument for the main theological teachings of the church), believed the existence of God is revealed truth, but not truth beyond reason, prepares the way for modern science, Catholic church recognizes him as one of 33 Doctors of the Church.

Question 7

Arius

Answer 7

a presbyter in the church in Alexandria, Egypt, taught that “God along had existed eternally, so Jesus must be a creation somehow “begotten” from God, said Jesus was subordinate to the Father

Question 8

Athanasius

Answer 8

opposed Arian views, was a deacon who would eventually become bishop of Alexandria

Question 9

Augustine

Answer 9

theologian who wrote in Latin, from north Africa, was a Manichee for 9 years, teaches rhetoric, believed in Neoplatonism (goal to reach the source of One), studied Ambrose’s sermons of allegorical interpretation, Ambrose baptized Augustine, he wanted to be a whole hearted Christian, becomes a monk, established a center for prayer and study in Tagaste, became bishop of Hippo, wrote to show errors of Manichaeans, argued strongly for freedom of the will, says we have free will to choose to sin or not to sin, says grace is irresistible for those God has predestined to receive grace, wrote: Confessions, The City of God, Augustine is quoted more than any other theological writer in Middle Ages, favorite theologian of the Protestant Reformation.

Question 10

Charlemagne

Answer 10

King of the Franks, crowned Holy Roman Emperor.

Question 11

Columba

Answer 11

built the monastery at Iona which was to become world famous. His monastery was a school for missionaries.

Question 12

Constantine

Answer 12

emperor, shows favor toward Christian church, legalized Christianity and establishes tolerance toward all peaceful religions, baptized, succeeds father as Caesar of western district, had a vision of an emblem (labarum), writes the Edict of Milan which legalizes Christianity and creates tolerance toward religions.

Question 13

Cyprian

Answer 13

Bishop of Carthage who said, “Outside the church there is no salvation.”

Question 14

Damasus

Answer 14

first pope to use Latin in correspondence, emphasized the role of Peter, commissioned Jerome to create Latin translation of Bible.

Question 15

Diocletian

Answer 15

ordered the last major persecution, divides empire into 4 districts

Question 16

Francis of Assisi

Answer 16

Mendicant orders, new “order of lesser brothers” – or Friars Minor.

Question 17

Domitian

Answer 17

harsh laws against Jews (Christians considered atheist)

Question 18

Gregory the Great

Answer 18

became pope in 590, sent mission to Britain under Augustine, encourages adoption of Rule of St. Benedict, Benedictine monk, becomes pope, organized food distribution to the poor in the city, supervised rebuilding of the aqueducts and the city defenses, reformed worship practices, sent missionaries and promoted monastic ideas, didn’t want to become a pope at first but his letter got lost so he became pope anyway, negotiated with Lombards (military threat to Rome), became political, military, and spiritual leader to Rome, saw himself as Patriarch of Western church, student of Augustine.

Question 19

John Hus

Answer 19

a Czech reformer. Adopted the views of Wyclif about the church as an elect company with Christ, not the pope, its true head. Led the national party of Bohemia.

Question 20

Jerome

Answer 20

commissioned to create new Latin translation, started his work in Jerusalem and finished in Bethlehem, wrote the Vulgate translation (the common translation, commonly known, commonly used), this was the official translation for Roman Catholics for 1000+ years

Question 21

Justinian

Answer 21

Emperor when Byzantine Empire defeated the Vandals restored Eastern control over Italy and church.

Question 22

Peter Lombard

Answer 22

Known as the father of systematic theology

Question 23

Marcion

Answer 23

a gnostic heretic (created alternative network of churches) (144 a.d.-excommunicated)

Question 24

Martin of Tours

Answer 24

gave this beggar half of his soldier cloak, Martin saw Jesus in his dreams with half of a soldiers cloak on him telling him that so he did it for this beggar, he did it for Him also, this is where we get the word chapel from, became a monk in Tours, he is elected Bishop, changed the way bishops should live, changed view of monasticism (solitude and study to missions and service).

Question 25

Monica

Answer 25

godly mother of Augustine

Question 26

Muhammad

Answer 26

merchant, knew Judaism and Christian sects in Arabia, had series of visions at age 40 – called to be prophet, received message from Gabriel, captured Mecca and much of Arabia.

Question 27

Nero

Answer 27

1st Roman persecutor of Christians

Question 28

Nestorius

Answer 28

Patriarch (leader of the church in a city) of Constantinople, argued that Christ had two distinct natures (divine Logos and human Jesus), condemned by the First Council of Ephesus in 431, Nestorian Schism (church split, people who agree with Nestorius break away from the orthodox church).

Question 29

Origen

Answer 29

teacher at Alexandria (Scripture has more than one meaning—literal & hidden)

Question 30

Pelagius

Answer 30

British monk (argued that people could choose good and achieve perfection in life without divine aid) (denied concept of original sin) (Christ’s example offers a path to salvation)

Question 31

Terullian

Answer 31

Theologian who wrote in Latin, from North Africa.

Question 32

Stephen

Answer 32

First Christian martyr

Question 33

Urban II

Answer 33

calls council at Clermont, argued that participation in the Crusade was the moral equivalent of serving in a monastic order, in that special holiness and certainty of salvation would be gained by those who took part.

Question 34

John Wyclif

Answer 34

a zealot (despised neutrality (issue of dominion or lordship)(a reformer)

Question 35

Apostolic succession

Answer 35

a way to protect church from false doctrine)a series of bishops consecrated by other bishops going back to the Apostles.

Question 36

Avignon

Answer 36

city of popes

Question 37

Baptismal statements

Answer 37

asked questions about believing in the Trinity, offered way to publicly affirm faith, (The Rule of Faith), began to be fixed in regular form and used in worship.

Question 38

Barbarians

Answer 38

spoke Latin or Greek, they were considered outsiders who “babbled”.

Question 39

Benedict

Answer 39

a monastic movement (born in Italy) (became hermit) (disciples gathered—Benedict creates a community of monks).

Question 40

Byzantine Empire

Answer 40

defeated the Vandals, the empire reasserted authority over Italy and Rome, Byz declined and popes turned to Franks for protection, Byz army helped Crusaders reclaim lost territory then stopped.

Question 41

Canon

Answer 41

books of the Bible considered authoritative

Question 42

Catacombs

Answer 42

underground caves or tunnels where Christians buried dead

Question 43

Catechumens

Answer 43

Instructions needed for new Gentile believers

Question 44

Council of Chalcedon

Answer 44

affirmed that Jesus Christ was “complete in Godhead and complete in manhood, truly God and truly man,…in two natures, without confusion, without change, without division or without separation,…coming together to from one person.”

Question 45

Council of Nicaea

Answer 45

May 30, 325; about 230 bishops gathered in the city of Nicaea for the first ecumenical (worldwide) council of the church, it was the first time an Emperor interceded in the internal affairs of the church, it discussed “What is the nature of Christ’s divinity?” lasted for two months, council voted against Arius, they formalized its view of the divinity of Christ

Question 46

assertions made by Council of Nicaea

Answer 46

i. Christ was very God of very God ii. Christ was of one substance with the Father iii. Homoousios – same substance iv. Homoiousias – similar substance v. Christ was begotten, not made vi. Christ became human for us men, and for our salvation

Question 47

Criteria church used for considering a NT book canonical:

Answer 47

a. Apostolicity/Inspiration: This played a prominent role in the decisions of the church. Very frequently, the status of a book is determined by whether or not it came from an apostle. Apostolicity and inspiration go together; for the apostles claimed to be heralding the very word of God 1 Thess 2:13.This is a weighty criterion. b. Widespread acceptance by the people of God. This factor played a conscious, deliberate role in the early church’s view of the canon. If a book is accepted widely as inspired, that is good reason to accept it. c. Content/orthodoxy: This was an important factor historically (mid 3rd & early 4th centuries). Centered on question of agreement with other NT books that were universally accepted.

Question 48

Reasons for Crusades

Answer 48

• Politically-correct version: vii. Motivated by greed rather than idealism viii. “During the Crusades, an expansionist, imperialistic Christendom brutalized, looted, and colonized a tolerant and peaceful Islam.” (Rodney Stark) • Years of Islamic invasion, attempts to colonize West • Increased attacks on Christian pilgrims • Reducing tolerance for Christians in Muslim lands • Did not expect to convert Muslims • Armies led by heads of noble families • Massive cost • Christian kingdoms required massive subsidies from Europe • Urban II argued that participation in the Crusade was the moral equivalent of serving in a monastic order, in that special holiness and certainty of salvation would be gained by those who took part.

Question 49

Didache

Answer 49

baptize in running water

Question 50

Desert monks

Answer 50

monasticism, monks lived in solitude in the dessert on pillars, they were drawn to deserts because it was inaccessible.

Question 51

Donatists

Answer 51

Schismatic movement in North Africa, Just War Theory principles

Question 52

Dualism

Answer 52

matter is evil, spirit is good

Question 53

Edict of Milan

Answer 53

legalizes Christianity and establishes tolerance toward all peaceful religions, shows favor towards Christian church.

Question 54

Fall of Jerusalem

Answer 54

In A.D. 70 Emperor Vespasina’s forces, led by Titus, broke through the walls of Jerusalem, looted and burned the temple, and carried off the spoils to Rome. The Holy City was totally destroyed.

Question 55

Five pillars of Islam

Answer 55

* Radical monotheism and Mohammad’s role as God’s prophet * Ritual prayer * Zakat – almsgiving (giving to the poor but also taxes) * Fasting during Ramadan * Hajj – pilgrimage to Mecca

Question 56

Four Books of Sentences

Answer 56

Books by Peter Lombard which was a collection of quotes from scripture, the early fathers, the ecumenical councils, and other authorities to address the whole range of theological topics. His four books were divided as follows: • Book 1: The Trinity and providence • Book 2: Creation, sin, grace • Book 3: The incarnation, salvation, and moral virtues • Book 4: The sacraments and eschatology

Question 57

Gnostics

Answer 57

Gnosticism lacked a unifying cause. It was more like a variety of movement each on offering some way of enlightenment prescribed by a guru, a philosopher who pressed the gnosis (knowledge) of the way of life.

Question 58

God-fearers

Answer 58

theosebeis

Question 59

Great Schism

Answer 59

final break for the catholic and orthodox church, Bull Excommunication on altar, Michael excommunicates members of legation.

Question 60

Hellenistic

Answer 60

Greek Culture

Question 61

Heretic

Answer 61

a professed believer who maintains religious opinions contrary to those accepted by his or her church or rejects doctrines prescribed by the church.

Question 62

Icons

Answer 62

Renderings of Christ, the Virgin Mary, and the saints and angels in heaven (were almost always pictures – drawings, paintings, mosaics, wood or stone carvings in low relief.) Used in worship (also in homes, shops, on clothes, and in jewelry)/

Question 63

Iconoclasts

Answer 63

are the deliberate destruction within a culture of the culture's own religious icons and other symbols or monuments, usually for religious or political motives. (Leo II declared war on all icons because he believed he was called by God to cleanse the Eastern Empire of idolatry or else have his dominion suffer under the wrath of God.)

Question 64

Jacobites

Answer 64

Monophysite position argued that after incarnation, Christ had only one nature which is divine, led by Bishop Jacob Baradaeus.

Question 65

Judaizers

Answer 65

* Refused to recognize Paul’s apostleship, he was an apostate * All Christians should be circumcised * Denied deity of Christ and virgin birth * Jesus was chosen by God as messiah because of his piety * Reluctant to think of him as subject to sufferings and death.

Question 66

Just War Theory

Answer 66

Argued by Augustine during the schismatic movement in North Africa • Purpose must be just • Must be waged by proper authority • Motive of peace must be central

Question 67

3 Major phases of Middle Ages

Answer 67

``` • Early Middle Ages ix. 5th century – year 1000 x. Dark Ages xi. Muslim invasions xii. Charlemagne and Holy Roman Empire • High Middle Ages xiii. 1000-1300 xiv. Rapid growth = increased economic activity xv. European nation-states xvi. Scholasticism, Monasticism Crusades • Late Middle Ages xvii. 1300-1500 xviii. Famines and plagues – European population drops by half xix. Economic and political turmoil xx. Frequent warfare xxi. Beginnings of Italian Renaissance ```

Question 68

Manichaeism

Answer 68

dualism idea about humans, light and darkness and how they become mingled, light is the spirit and dark is matter, they claimed to be rational, based on astronomical study, they ridiculed Christianity as primitive, crude, and irrational.

Question 69

Mendicant orders

Answer 69

vow of property, served the poor, a part of Monasticism, Francis of Assisi.

Question 70

Monarchical bishop

Answer 70

A single bishop over all house churches in a city.

Question 71

Nestorians

Answer 71

Nestorian Schism (church split, people who agree with Nestorius break away from the Orthodox Church).

Question 72

Nicene Creed

Answer 72

Constantius II espoused Arian views and promoted them, statement became used in liturgies in West and East, final form of creed came in 381 at Theodosius’ call of Council of Constantinople.

Question 73

Pagan

Answer 73

follower of a polytheistic religion (ancient Romans and Greeks), a person who is not a Christian.

Question 74

Persecution under Nero

Answer 74

Peter and Paul executed in mid-60’s, Roman Catholic church traces papal succession back to Peter as first bishop of Rome

Question 75

Peter the Hermit

Answer 75

led the People’s crusade which included peasants and villagers (women and children), 20,000 people.

Question 76

Pope

Answer 76

papas=father, bishop of Rome

Question 77

Process of canonization of NT

Answer 77

not a blind process, rather the church by the illumination provided by the Holy Spirit consistently tried to get back to and preserve the earliest witness and reflection on the great central event of Jesus Christ; this is the criterion of apostilicity at work. The church maintained (with varying degrees of success) the essential unity of the Old and the New Testaments. The NT that it finally affirmed (against the pressure of Jews and very logically persuasive heresies) is one that affirms the work of the Creator God, the God of Abraham and Moses as one piece with the work of the God and Father of our Lord Jesus Christ. This is the criterion of content at work.

Question 78

Purgatory

Answer 78

A place in which souls are purified after death before they can enter heaven.

Question 79

Qur’an

Answer 79

Syriac devotional writings/hymns, “recitation”

Question 80

Roman attitudes toward the early church

Answer 80

Christians were considered atheists, Trajan’s guidelines: Don’t search them out, but when accused punish if they won’t recant.

Question 81

Rule of St. Benedict

Answer 81

explains how to organize a monastic community, inlcluding: meals, living conditions, daily schedules (physical labor), obedience required, prayer 8 times a day, study and scholarship, they would write manuscripts of scripture, Benedict’s monastery was raided an burned, monks scattered, Pope Gregory encourages adoption of Rule.

Question 82

The Rule of Faith

Answer 82

body of teaching traced back to the preaching of the Apostles

Question 83

Scholasticism

Answer 83

forerunner of this thought: Anselm of Canterbury, believed reason could be used to better understand faith, came up with the Ontological argument (God is a being of which no greater can be conceived, first), other forerunner: Peter Abelard and Peter Lombard, wrote Four Books of Sentences, arguing that there are 7 sacraments (distributes grace): baptism, confirmation, Eucharist, penance, anointing of the sick, holy orders (ordaining), and matrimony.

Question 84

Seljuk Turks

Answer 84

Central Asia, converted to Islam, moved to Persia, defeated, Alexiuis Comnenus, Invade Holy Land.

Question 85

Seven sacraments of Catholic church

Answer 85

* Baptism * Confirmation * Eucharist * Penance * Anointing of the sick * Holy orders * Matrimony

Question 86

Transubstantiation

Answer 86

substance of the bread and wine of the Eucharist are transformed into the substance of the body and blood of Christ, required cathedrals to start schools open to the poor) (required confession & communion once a year.

Question 87

Trinity

Answer 87

God is tree person existing eternally in one single being or nature.

Question 88

Vandals

Answer 88

East Germanic tribe; cross the Rhine & move into France, Spain, cross into North Africa, conquer Carthage, control all North Africa except Egypt.

Question 89

Vulgate

Answer 89

Arians or missionaries, they were defeated by Byzantine Empire

Question 90

Five ways the Jewish faith is foundational to the story of Christianity

Answer 90

1. God who has a personal interest in His people 2. Sacrificial system and the concept of atonement for sin 3. Prophetic tradition establishes an exception for Messiah 4. dispersion of the Jews 5. Sacred writings of the Jewish People