Midterm Flashcards
(43 cards)
1
Q
Article:
“Freedom, Responsibility and Power: Contrasting Approaches to Health Psychology”
By: David Marks
A
- Topic: how the study of health psychology is divided into four different approaches
- Point:
- Data: no data
2
Q
Article:
“Now let me tell you in my own words: narratives of acute and chronic low back pain”
By: Kerryellen Vroman, Rebecca Warner and Kerry Chamberlain
A
- Topic: An example of qualitative studies. A look a lower back pain
- Point: examine lower back pain in a broader sense, as most studies ignore the fact that lower back pain is majority acute and episodic.
- Data: Narrative analysis
3
Q
Article:
“The Medicalization of Women’s Bodies and Everyday Experience”
By: Maureen McHugh and Joan Chrisler
A
- Topic: how the pharmacial companies make everyday occurrence seem like medical conditions/concerns for women
- Point: women are constantly exposed to messages of how they aren’t healthy and the medical solutions to fix it (including cosmetic concerns)
- Data:
4
Q
Article:
“Pre-wedding Weight Concerns and Health and Beauty Plans of Australian Brides”
By: Ivan Prichard and Marika Tiggemann
A
- Topic
- Point
- Data:
5
Q
Article:
“How the Health belief model helps the tobacco industry: individuals, choice and ‘information’ “
By: Edith Balbach, Elizabeth Smith and Ruth Malone
A
- Topic: best methods of limiting tobacco use
- Point: The companies argued that smoking is a matter of individual choice, where the article seemed to believe it was more environmental changes that needed to be made
- Data: Analysis of transcripts from a trail where multiple high executives from different tobacco companies testified
6
Q
Medicalization
A
everyday experiences become an illness
7
Q
Menstruation in Ancient Rome
A
- Seen as polluting and dangerous
- It was believed that if menstruating women went near crops they would kill them
- Men who had intercourse with a menstruating women were susceptible to disease or death
8
Q
Menstruation in Medieval Western Europe
A
- Menstrual blood as impure
- Women put through a cleansing ritual before entering church
- Women’s bodies were seen as incomplete male bodies
9
Q
Menstruation in 19th Century America
A
- Believed that educating women will result in a weakening of her reproductive function
- Clarke would refer women to bedrest during menstruation
10
Q
Menstruation in 20th Century America
A
- Dr. Robert Frank introduced the idea of “Premenstrual tension” (PMT) = a series of symptoms that occurs before menstruation (early version of PMS)
- Mental and neurological symptoms caused by hormonal changes
- Was used in court cases to get women off of criminal charges
11
Q
Symptoms of PMT
A
- Fluid retention
- Acne
- Cravings
- Aches and pains
- Fatigue
- irritability
12
Q
Menstruation in 21st Century America
A
- Viewed as a problem that requires medical management (not a natural bodily function)
- Doctors can diagnosis with PMS (has over 150 symptoms)
- Brith control is used to treat PMS
13
Q
PMS and PMDD
A
- Some view them as social constructs
- Symptoms are in fact experienced by many women but doesn’t mean they need to be pathologized
14
Q
Menopause
A
- End of menstruation of a woman’s life
- Viewed as disorder that requires ‘treatment’
- Symptoms: hot flashes, vagina dryness, insomnia, frequent urination, UTI’s
- 19th century thought of as “menopausal insanity” (treated with removed of ovaries and imprisonment)
- 20th century thought of as “deficiency disease” (treated with hormone replacement therapy)
15
Q
Hormonal Replacement Therapy (HRT)
A
- Replaces estrogen and progesterone that the ovaries stop producing
- Often recommended to healthy women
- Side effects: increased risk of breast cancer, heart disease and clots
16
Q
Womens Health and Vaginal Micro-biome Project
A
- How vaginal micro-biomes (essential for vaginal health) are affected by the use of vaginal hygiene products
17
Q
Evolution of Douches
A
- Ancient Egypt = used garlic and vinegar
- Medieval times = used water and herbs
- 1930’s = Lysol products were douches
- 20th century = commercialized douches began (made from zinc, pearl-ash and salts)
18
Q
Advertising of Douches
A
- 1930s - removal of odour, affordable, focus on wife pleasing husband and odours could ruin marriages
- 1950s - women’s bodies are problematic and have odour that men don’t have (beginning of cleansing and freshening)
- 1960s - women need to pleasure their husbands and implying that douching makes you feminine
- 1980s - shift to women’s perspective (no husband pleasing) and more about being fresh and clean
- Today - huge focus on being fresh and clean
19
Q
Education on vaginal health and hygiene
A
- 97% of participants said they had no education in school - Stigmatized and uncomfortable to talk about
- Viewed as unimportant
- Some had talks with mother but other felt their mothers were uncomfortable to talk about it
20
Q
Adverse Health Effects
A
- Research suggests that some products can change micro-biome of vagina
- Other health concerns: bacterial vaginosis, low brith weight, higher risk of being susceptible to STIs, pelvic inflammatory disease and HIV
21
Q
STIs: Incidence and Prevalence
A
- Increase in many types in recent years
- Most affected age group = ages 16 to (12% of population but more than half of STI cases)
- Data suggests that STIs increased with a conservative government
22
Q
HIV in Canada
A
- as of 2014 there were 75 500 people in Canada living with HIV
- 25% were unaware of their infection
23
Q
Addressing HIV
A
- Biological cures (vaccines)
- Behavioural interventions
- Policy interventions
- Social aspect (focus of health psychologists)
24
Q
Risky Behaviour
A
- Lack of focus on factors other than knowledge
- Alcohol and drug use before sex predicts unsafe sex
- Pseudoscience and denialism (claims like “HIV doesn’t cause AIDS”)
- Sex is a social activity (not an individual one)
- Cultural factors
- Not enough research
25
Health Belief Model
- Perceived susceptibility: what is your personal assessment of likelihood you'll get AIDS?
- Perceived severity: what is your personal assessment of how bad it would be to get AIDS?
- Perceived barriers: what are things preventing you form part taking in safer behaviour?
- Perceived benefits: what are the positives to part taking in safer behaviour?
26
Protection Motivation Theory
- People use fear as a motivator
- Behaviour change best achieve by appealing to fear
a. Perceived severity of threatened event (ex. HIV)
b. Perceived probability of it happening
c. Success of recommended behaviour
d. Perceived self-success
27
Theory of Reasoned Action
- Focus completely on individual
- Assumption that individual is likely to do what they intend to do
- Behavioural intention (attitude towards action and subjective norm)
28
Theory of Planned Behaviour
- Some behaviours difficult to control in voluntary way
- Perceived behavioural control (how much do you believe that yo can control you actions)
- Reflects past obstacles and success
29
Information - Motivation - Behavioural Skills Model
- In order to have good actions there needs to be relevant information about risks, motivation, and behavioural skills
30
Common Sense Model
- Core construct = illness representations (what is your overall representation of illness) + normative guidelines (what others say you should be doing) to make sense of symptoms and guide coping actions
31
Trans-theoretical Model
- Change happens in a number of stages
1. Pre-contemplatoin (no intent to take action)
2. Contemplation (intending to act in future)
3. Preparation (how decision will be put into action)
4. Action (change in lifestyle is made)
5. Maintenance (working actively to stop relapse)
6. Termination/Relapse (change success or reverted back)
- Sometimes woks but not always
32
Social Cognitive Theory
- Focus on examination of social origins of behaviour
- How you behave it based on your thinking, but also your thinking is a result of social contexts
- Observational learning (may or may not be seen in behaviour)
- Self-efficaicy (beliefs about own capabilities to influence events affecting their lives)
33
Critique of Individual-Level Approaches
- Sex is a joint activity so you can't focus on it individually
- Many studies are based on students so the data may not be generalizable
- Culture, religion and gender is highly ignored
- Risks could be motivation
34
Obesity in Canada
- Strong decrease in fitness levels over past 2 decades
- Children and youth in 2007-09: 17% overweight and 9% obese
- Teen boys (15-19) in 1981 14% overweight increased to 31% in 2009
- Teen girls (15-19) in 1981 14% overweight increased to 25% 2009
- Adults in 2007-09: 37% overweight and 24% obese
35
World-wide Trends in Obesity
- Significant differences between countries
- Prevalence related to lifestyle factors
- Sharp increases in prevalence in most places
36
Disease of Affluence
- Total calorie intake increased as food has become more processed and energy dense
- Problems of obesity also becoming more common in developing countries (obesity is associated with SES)
37
Food Consumption
- More people eating out of homes
- Good outlets have high calories values
- People eat more regularly
- Role of the food industry
38
Food Industry
- Make money from people buying food
- Advertising used to influence consumption
- Corporate interest in encouraging high food intake
- Additives used to increase competitiveness (fat, sugar and salt)
39
Problems of Sustainability
- Contribution of livestock to greenhouse gas emissions
- Food transport and CO2 emissions
- Demand for milk and meat booming too high
40
Evolutionary Perspectives and Obesity
- most of human history is geared toward nomadic lifestyle (more around for food a lot)
- genetic makeup is designed to fit with nomadic lifestyle
- current lifestyle is very different from nomadic lifestyle
41
Ecological Model
- Obesity is a consequence of individuals relationship with the environment
- Not a disorder of individual
- Result of interaction between individual and environmental context in which they exist
42
Changes to environment related to food
- Food production is controlled primarily by large corporate entities
- Food distribution is planned primarily on large scale
- Difference in food environment depending where you live (fast food locations more dense in poorer areas)
- Constantly subjected to food promotion
43
Food Promotion Influencing Children
- Children on average see 15 TV food ads a day
- 98% of ads promote high fat, sugar and sodium
- High exposure to food ads is leading cause go unhealthy consumption
- Link between amount of TV viewing, obesity and cholesterol levels
