Midterm Flashcards

Question

Second Irish Land Act

Answer 1

1881: The Land Law (Ireland) Act 1881 gave tenants real security, though by this time the Irish were demanding proprietorship. The Act established the principle of dual ownership by landlord and tenant, gave legal status to the Ulster Custom throughout the country, provided for compensation for improvements and created the Irish Land Commission and a Land Court. In Gladstone's words, the intention of the Act was to make landlordism impossible. This act can generally be seen as economically ineffective. Instead of cutting costs or increasing productivity, Irish farmers increasingly turned to the Irish land courts to cut their rents and jack up their dwindling incomes. The land purchase element can be described as counterproductive because the conditions tenants now enjoyed under this act gave them no incentive to buy, furthermore, some economic historians dispute the effectiveness of land purchase as a solution to the Irish land problem. Land purchase significantly reduced the amount of capital in Ireland that could have been invested to improve efficiency and competitiveness of Irish farms. Therefore, some headway is made towards lower rents but this is at the cost of lower rates of productivity growth in Irish farming

Answer 2

1885: Continued land agitations throughout the 1880s and 1890s culminated firstly with the passing of the Purchase of Land (Ireland) Act 1885, also known as the Ashbourne Act, putting limited tenant land purchase in motion. The Act allowed a tenant to borrow the full amount of the purchase price, to be repaid at 4% over 49 years.

Answer 3

sale was to be made not compulsory, but attractive to both parties, based on the government paying the difference between the price offered by tenants and that demanded by landlords. This was the basis of the the Land Purchase (Ireland) Act (1903) It differed from earlier legislation which initially advanced to tenants the sum necessary to purchase their holdings, repayable over a period of years on terms determined by an independent commission, while the Wyndham Act finished off landlordism control over tenants and made it easier for tenants to purchase land, facilitating the transfer of about 9 million acres up to 1914. By then 75% of occupiers were buying out their landlords under the 1903 Act .

Answer 4

One of the most influential thinkers in the history of liberalism, he contributed widely to social theory, political theory and political economy. Mill was a proponent of utilitarianism, an ethical theory that supports utility as the sum of all pleasure that results from an action, minus the suffering of anyone involved in the action. Mill has a book "Utilitarianism" which he believes: It is quite compatible with the principle of utility to recognize the fact, that some kinds of pleasure are more desirable and more valuable than others. It would be absurd that while, in estimating all other things, quality is considered as well as quantity, the estimation of pleasures should be supposed to depend on quantity alone. A member of the Liberal Party, he was also the first Member of Parliament to call for women's suffrage. He had a career as a colonial administrator at the British East India Company. Mill defended British imperialism by arguing that a fundamental distinction existed between civilized and barbarous people. Mill was against slavery, wanted a socialist economy (that co-aligns with utilitarian values), and an economic democracy instead of capitalism, and supported a worker's right to strike.

Answer 5

Eyre (5 August 1815 – 30 November 1901) was an English land explorer of the Australian continent, colonial administrator, and a controversial Governor of Jamaica. He brutally suppressed the Morant Bay Rebellion in Jamaica and authorised the execution of George William Gordon, a mixed-race colonial assemblyman who was involved in the rebellion. The controlling European element of the Jamaican populace — those who had most to lose — regarded him as the hero who had saved Jamaica from disaster. Wanted Jamaica to become a Crown Colony, with an appointed (rather than an elected) legislature, on the basis that stronger legislative control would ward off another act of rebellion.

Answer 6

Carlyle (4 December 1795 – 5 February 1881) His essay "Occasional Discourse on the Negro Question" (1849) suggested that slavery should never have been abolished, or else replaced with serfdom. It had kept order, he argued, and forced work from people who would otherwise have been lazy and feckless. This and Carlyle's support for the repressive measures of Governor Edward Eyre in Jamaica during the Morant Bay rebellion further alienated him from his old liberal allies. As Governor of the Colony, Eyre, fearful of an island wide uprising, brutally suppressed the rebellion, and had many black peasants killed. Hundreds were flogged. He also authorised the execution of George William Gordon, a mixed-race colonial assemblyman who was suspected of involvement in the rebellion. These events created great controversy in Britain, resulting in demands for Eyre to be arrested and tried for murdering Gordon. John Stuart Mill organised the Jamaica Committee, which demanded his prosecution. A rival committee was set up by Carlyle for the defence, arguing that Eyre had acted decisively to restore order. Twice Eyre was charged with murder, but the cases never proceeded.

Answer 7

(11 October 1865) began with a protest march to the courthouse by hundreds of peasants led by preacher Paul Bogle in Morant Bay, Jamaica. Some were armed with sticks and stones. After seven men were shot and killed by the volunteer militia, the protesters attacked and burned the court house and nearby buildings. A total of 25 people died . Over the next two days, peasants rose up across St. Thomas-in-the-East parish and controlled most of the area. The Jamaicans were protesting injustice and widespread poverty. Most freedmen were prevented from voting by high poll taxes, and their living conditions had worsened following crop damage by floods, cholera and smallpox epidemics, and a long drought. A few days before, when police tried to arrest a man for disrupting a trial, a fight broke out against them by spectators. Officials had issued a warrant for the arrest of preacher Bogle. Governor Edward John Eyre declared martial law in the area, ordering in troops to hunt down the rebels. They killed many innocent blacks, including women and children, with an initial death toll of more than 400. Troops arrested more than 300 persons, including Bogle. Many of these were also innocent but were quickly tried and executed under martial law; both men and women were punished by whipping and long sentences. This was the most severe suppression of unrest in the history of the British West Indies.[1] The governor had George William Gordon, a mulatto representative of the parish in the Assembly, arrested in Kingston and brought back to Morant Bay, where he tried the politician under martial law. Gordon was quickly convicted and executed.

Answer 8

The Jamaica Committee was a group set up in 1866, which called for Edward Eyre, Governor of Jamaica, to be tried for his excesses in suppressing the Morant Bay rebellion of 1865. More radical members of the Committee wanted him tried for the murder of British subjects (Jamaica was at that time a Crown Colony), under the rule of law. The Committee included English liberals, such as John Bright, John Stuart Mill, Charles Darwin, Thomas Huxley, Thomas Hughes, Herbert Spencer and A. V. Dicey, the last of whom would eventually become known for his scholarship on the Conflict of Laws.[1] The counsel to the Jamaica Committee was James Fitzjames Stephen, who held that the defendants were guilty of legal murder, but extended considerable sympathy to them and intimated that they were probably morally justified.[2] From then on, Mill was cool to him.[3] Thomas Carlyle set up a rival committee arguing in Eyre's defence. His supporters included John Ruskin, Charles Kingsley, Charles Dickens and Alfred, Lord Tennyson.

Answer 9

1870: Last of the three wars in German unification. The German states proclaimed their union as the German Empire under the Prussian king Wilhelm I, uniting Germany as a nation-state. Germany then began to industrialize which was later than others, to their benefit, because their factories were higher quality with more workers. The unification made Germany powerful but not outright dominating.

Answer 10

1873-1896: Very slow growth of economy that began with the global gold standard. (check I.F notes) Britain is in debt from more importation than exportation. Their exports become more expensive on a global scale due to gg standard, and they become less competitive. Free trade begins to harm Britain due to creating domestic job loss. many families depended entirely on payments from local government known as the dole. Politically the Conservative Party dominated the era and the Labour Party was seriously hurt. In 1911, Asquith had put a welfare/heath insurance scheme in place, and Britain was considered advanced in welfare compared to others, but this was still temporary help and those unemployed for a long time were lacking long-term help. In August 1931, the 1911 scheme was replaced by a fully government-funded unemployment benefit system.[15] This system, for the first time, paid out according to need rather than the level of contributions. The United Kingdom was able to recover more quickly than other countries that were equally as developed, because their economic growth had been stagnant for some time. This meant that they did not have exponential growth, as the United States did, leaving them with less room to fall.

Answer 11

Can back up the pound (or dollar, etc) with equal physical gold worth the same amount. This creates a safe, mutual currency and allows Britain to have free trade which Germany, the US, and France will follow in lead. This allows Germany and the US to catch up economically while Britain slows down.

Answer 12

Intangible money made from taxes, loans, investments, etc. particularly related to foreign countries. These helped Britain become less in debt during the Great Depression.

Answer 13

He joined the Fabian Society (in March 1891), being at this time a socialist. It tells us how Germany Made in Germany (1896) describes Germany domination in various manufactures, (ie: iron and steel, in ship-building, in textile, chemical, etc). His beliefs: (1) Retaliation; if a foreign country shuts out our products, we must paralyze her goods ; (2) federation of the Empire in respect of tariffs; (3) subsidized transport should be penalized by duties equal to the bounty; (4) competent consuls; (5) technical education; (6), doubtless chief of all, individual enterprise. These things lie beyond our province. But, beyond all question, Mr. Williams's book calls for serious attention.

Answer 14

In the mid-18th century, as the Industrial Revolution hastened the growth of British towns, the friendly society system became well established. Friendlies served social, educational, and economic functions, bringing the idea of insurance and savings to those who might not have planned for the future. The social aspect of the friendlies should not be underestimated. Their meetings included lectures, dramatic performances, and dances both to inform and to entertain members.

Answer 15

Written in 1981 by Martin Wiener, which was a concerted attack on the British elite for its indifference to and wariness of industrialism and commercialism. Although the commercial and industrial revolutions originated in England, Wiener blamed a persistent strain in British culture, characterised by wariness of capitalist expansion and yearning for an arcadian rural society, which had prevented England – and Britain as a whole – from fully exploiting the benefits of what it had created. He was particularly scathing about the self-made industrial capitalists of the 19th century who, from the middle of that century onwards, increasingly sent their children to public schools where "the sons of businessmen were looked down upon and science was barely taught".

Answer 16

(1880s-1890s) Known for breaking the stereotype of the poor so that the middle class would be able to help. He did a 9 volume series about the lives of poor in London. He used science and sociology to measure poverty, and found that 30% were poor. He claims that "self-help" will not solve the problem. He blames cyclical employment from the boom-bust cycle to blame for unemployment.

Answer 17

The idea of it during the late 19th century counteracted Charles Booth's work. Belief of designing a perfect human race through genetics. In Britain during this time, it revolved around class. Many feared that the middle class were giving birth less and that the lower class was giving birth more.

Answer 18

(20 December 1880 – 23 March 1881) British expansion into southern Africa was fueled by three prime factors: first, the desire to control the trade routes to India that passed around the Cape; second, the discovery in 1868 of huge mineral deposits of diamonds around Kimberley on the joint borders of the South African Republic (called the Transvaal by the British), the Orange Free State and the Cape Colony, and thereafter in 1886 in the Transvaal of a gold rush; and thirdly the race against other European colonial powers, as part of a general colonial expansion in Africa. The trigger for the war came when a Boer refused to pay an illegally inflated tax. Government officials seized his wagon and attempted to auction it off to pay the tax on 11 November 1880, but a hundred armed Boers disrupted the auction, assaulted the presiding sheriff, and reclaimed the wagon. The first shots of the war were fired when this group fought back against government troops who were sent after them. The Transvaal then declared independence and war erupted. The First Boer War was the first conflict since the American War of Independence in which the British had been decisively defeated and forced to sign a peace treaty under unfavorable terms. The British government, under Prime Minister William Gladstone, was conciliatory as it realized that any further action would require substantial troop reinforcements, and it was likely that the war would be costly, messy and protracted. Unwilling to get bogged down in a distant war, the British government ordered a truce.

Answer 19

(11 October 1899 – 31 May 1902): Lord Salisbury (conservative PM) in power at this time. Great Britain defeated two Boer states in South Africa: the South African Republic (Republic of Transvaal) and the Orange Free State. Britain was aided by its Cape Colony, Colony of Natal and some native African allies. The British war effort was further supported by volunteers from the British Empire, including Southern Africa, the Australian colonies, Canada, India, and New Zealand. All other nations were neutral, but public opinion in them was largely hostile to Britain. Inside Britain and its Empire there also was significant opposition to the Second Boer War. The British were overconfident and under-prepared. The Boers were very well armed and struck first. The British quickly seized control of all of the Orange Free State and Transvaal, as the civilian leadership went into hiding or exile. In conventional terms, the war was over. Britain officially annexed the two countries in 1900, and called a "khaki election" to give the government another six years of power in London. However, the Boers refused to surrender. With the 1886 discovery of gold in the Transvaal, the resulting gold rush brought thousands of British and other prospectors and settlers from across the globe and over the border from the Cape Colony (under British control since 1806). At the end of the war the British depopulated the countryside by created concentration camps. Roughly 40,000 die due to weakness to disease. British won the war but at a cost. Effect: Many Irish nationalists sympathized with the Boers, viewing them to be a people oppressed by British imperialism. The 1900 UK general election, also known as the "Khaki election", was called by the Prime Minister, Lord Salisbury, on the back of recent British victories. There was much enthusiasm for the war at this point (early war), resulting in a victory for the Conservative government. Having taken the country into a prolonged war, the Conservative government was rejected by the electorate at the first general election after the war was over. Balfour, succeeding his uncle Lord Salisbury in 1903 immediately after the war, took over a Conservative party that had won two successive landslide majorities but led it to a landslide defeat in 1906 due to Brits being upset by the deaths of the Boer in concentration camps (mostly women and children deaths).

Answer 20

1880s: leisure activities become common with more time on their hands. Operas and public houses (pubs) were built. Pubs became the core of the working class community and always provided fires and drinks and was a meeting place for unions. Middle class looked down on working class in public space like this (getting drunk in public, letting children run around without looking after them, etc)

Answer 21

Important because they're one of the biggest fields of work and one of the worst positions, however they never unionized because they worked face to face with their employers.

Answer 22

Organized for middle class, people with some skill (ie trade hands) and most received benefits from their jobs. However it leaves out the working class who need it the most. Middle class wanted to help working class but felt they would drain the middle class' money for strikes,etc.

Answer 23

Founded in 1860s. First major joining of unions, brings the middle class together. The TUC’s mission is to be a high-profile organisation that campaigns successfully for trade union aims and values, assists trade unions to increase membership and effectiveness, cuts out wasteful rivalry and promotes trade union solidarity. Meant to be a voice for the united working class.

Answer 24

The Liberal–Labour movement refers to the practice of local Liberal associations accepting and supporting candidates who were financially maintained by trade unions. These candidates stood for the British Parliament with the aim of representing the working classes, while remaining supportive of the Liberal Party in general. The first Lib–Lab candidates to be elected were Alexander MacDonald and Thomas Burt, both members of the Miners' Federation of Great Britain (MFGB), in the 1874 general election.

Answer 25

The working day could range from 10 to 16 hours for six days a week. This was a working class demand finally approved during the 1920's. In 1884, Tom Mann published a pamphlet calling for the working day to be limited to eight hours. Mann formed an organisation, the Eight Hour League, which successfully pressured the Trades Union Congress to adopt the eight-hour day as a key goal.

Answer 26

Formed in 1893 by Ramsay McDonald and Keir Hardie. Keir Hardie was a Scot who had become convinced of the need for independent labour politics while working as a Gladstonian Liberal and trade union organiser in the Lanarkshire coalfield. Working with SDF members such as Henry Hyde Champion and Tom Mann he was instrumental in the foundation of the Scottish Labour Party in 1888.

Answer 27

1884: Middle class intellectual group formed by Beatrice and Sydney Webb. They wanted to go after the Victorian state with research to improve the society in socialist ways.

Answer 28

One of the principal founders of the labour party, he was a lib-lab. He was secretary for the ILP, a socialist party formed by Kier Hardie. He was also the first Labour Party Prime Minister (later on).

Answer 29

1901: The court decided that companies could sue unions to gain money back that was lost from the strike. This caused the TUC, ILP, and Fabian Society to form a serious working-class party.

Answer 30

1888: Strike by women and girls at the Bryant and May Factory. The strike was caused by the poor working conditions in the match factory, including fourteen-hour work days, poor pay, excessive fines and the severe health complications of working with white phosphorus, such as phossy jaw, but was sparked by the dismissal of one of the workers on or about 2 July 1888. The Bryant and May factory received bad publicity from these events, and in 1901 they announced that their factory no longer used white phosphorus.

Answer 31

A side effect of working with white phosphorus in match factories, phossy jaw caused swollen jaws and brain damage as well as many other health concerns including shorter lives. Red phosphorus was much safer to work with in this regard but were more expensive.

Answer 32

Founded in 1883 by Alice Acland to support working class women. Shifted to women's social justice issues. Focused on unions, improved healthcare, and maternity insurance.

Answer 33

Becomes conservative PM (11 July 1902 – 5 December 1905) after Lord Salisbury. This happened when Salisbury had a snap election after winning the Boer War which created national pride and support for conservatives. He was Salisbury's nephew, and he suffered public anger in the later stages of the Boer War. He resigned in 1905 and the conservatives suffered a landslide defeat in the 1906 election.

Answer 34

Bismark created the most successful social state out of Germany. German life was better for all citizens, but social welfare benefited only those who work. Arthur Balfour wanted to borrow these policies.

Answer 35

Balfour: The Act provided funds for denominational religious instruction in voluntary elementary schools, owned primarily by the Church of England and Roman Catholics. It ended the divide between voluntary schools, which were largely administered by the Church of England, and schools provided and run by elected school boards, and reflected the influence of the Efficiency Movement in Britain. It was extended in 1903 to cover London.

Answer 36

1905: gave out single grants to businesses or local authorities in order to allow them to hire more workers, which in turn decreased the number of people out of work. However, those with a criminal record were not given the opportunity to work in the businesses that were given grants.

Answer 37

Liberal Prime minister: 1908 to 1916. He had a central role in the design and passage of major liberal legislation because liberals hadn't been in power for 20 years. Asquith's technique of acting as mediator among talented cabinet members such as Lloyd George and Winston Churchill was less effective in war than in peace, and difficulties with the war effort led him to form a coalition government with the Conservatives early in 1915. Continued crises, over conscription, the Irish Home Rule movement, and military failures shook the confidence of MPs in him, and when conflict with Lloyd George erupted in December 1916, Asquith could not keep their support, and he resigned.

Answer 38

Liberal: Exchequer and War Secretary (during WWI) to PM Asquith. His most important role came as the highly energetic PM of the Wartime Coalition Government (1916–22), during and immediately after the First World War. He was a major player at the Paris Peace Conference of 1919 that reordered Europe after the defeat of the Central Powers.

Answer 39

1909: State funded, helped the unemployed find work. The act also wanted to improve the mobility of the workforce, which until then had not been achieved. However, the exchanges were not very effective since only 25% of those listed on the labour exchange workforce found employment through them. The law was opposed by some trade unions that feared their bargaining power would be reduced by the law and make it easier to recruit cheap labour from distant parts of the country.

Answer 40

1911: created a system of health insurance for industrial workers in Great Britain based on contributions from employers, the government, and the workers themselves. It was one of the foundations of the welfare state. It also provided unemployment insurance for designated cyclical industries. It formed part of the wider social welfare reforms of the Liberal Government of 1906–1915. David Lloyd George, the Liberal Chancellor of the Exchequer, was the prime moving force behind its design, negotiations with doctors and other interest groups, and final passage.

Answer 41

1910: a project of the Liberal government that introduced unprecedented taxes on the lands and high incomes of Britain's rich to fund new social welfare programmes. It passed Commons in 1909 but was blocked by the House of Lords for a year and became law in April 1910. It was championed by Chancellor of the Exchequer David Lloyd George and his young ally Winston Churchill. it was the first budget in British history with the expressed intent of redistributing wealth among the British public.[2] It was a key issue of contention between the Liberal government and the Conservative-dominated House of Lords, leading to two general elections in 1910 and the enactment of the Parliament Act 1911.

Answer 42

Created by Jeremy Bentham. Used by John Stuart Mill. Beleives that by understanding human behavior we can acheive the greatest amount of happiness for the greatest amount of people.

Answer 43

1848: A group of English painters, poets, and critics. reform art by rejecting what it considered the mechanistic approach first adopted by Mannerist artists who succeeded Raphael and Michelangelo. Its members believed the Classical poses and elegant compositions of Raphael in particular had been a corrupting influence on the academic teaching of art, hence the name "Pre-Raphaelite"

Answer 44

Set against the industrial world and focused on beauty. a movement in the arts and literature that originated in the late 18th century, emphasizing inspiration, subjectivity, and the primacy of the individual. J. M. W. Turner is an example (Ahead of his time with impressionistic art- industrialization, train painter)

Answer 45

leading English art critic of the Victorian era, as well as an art patron, water colorist, a prominent social thinker and philanthropist. Modern Painters (1843), an extended essay in defence of the work of J. M. W. Turner in which he argued that the principal role of the artist is "truth to nature". From the 1850s he championed the Pre-Raphaelites who were influenced by his ideas. His work increasingly focused on social and political issues. He believes art should be beautiful and make you feel uplifted.

Answer 46

Shows accurate representation of British life. J.W.M became this with his industrial paintings.

Answer 47

A Scottish geologist. The common belief by many at this time was that the world was still 6000 years old. Lyell visited many sights (like Mt. Etna) to look at rocks which helped him form his theory: the natural elements (wind etc) are shaping the Earth, and based on how it looks the Earth must be much older than originally thought.

Answer 48

1830–1833: Three volumes explaining Charles Lyell's theory on geology: He used geological proof to determine that the Earth was older than 6,000 years, as had been previously contested. The book shows that the processes that are occurring in the present are the same processes that occurred in the past. The book was influential to many, particularly Charles Darwin.

Answer 49

Because the world may be millions of years old as recently discovered by Charles Lyell, he developed evolutionary theory. Evolution comes from natural selection. His book on evolutionary evidence: On the Origin of Species (1859). His writing wasn't originally released because he feared his reputation would lower. That's because if it's believed that the world is 6000 years old, it was created for man. If it's millions of years old then we are just a more evolved version of a previous animal. This moves away from Christian thought and towards more scientific belief.

Answer 50

An Austrian neurologist and the founder of psychoanalysis, a clinical method for treating psychopathology through dialogue between a patient and a psychoanalyst. Perhaps Freud's single most enduring and important idea was that the human psyche (personality) has more than one aspect. Freud (1923) saw the psyche structured into three parts (i.e. tripartite), the id, ego and superego

Answer 51

German philosopher. Sees religion as weak, and "helping weak brings down the strong". Wrote "Beyond Good and Evil", (1886) Nietzsche accuses past philosophers of lacking critical sense and blindly accepting dogmatic premises in their consideration of morality. Specifically, he accuses them of founding grand metaphysical systems upon the faith that the good man is the opposite of the evil man, rather than just a different expression of the same basic impulses that find more direct expression in the evil man. The work moves into the realm "beyond good and evil" in the sense of leaving behind the traditional morality which Nietzsche subjects to a destructive critique in favour of what he regards as an affirmative approach that fearlessly confronts the perspectival nature of knowledge and the perilous condition of the modern individual.

Answer 52

1900s/1910s: Publicly critiqued and challenged Victorian middle class culture values, and were in favour of a more informal and private focus on personal relationships and individual pleasure. They created anxiety by not replacing it with a new value. As far as art, they had criticisms of materialistic realism in painting and fiction

Answer 53

Feminist purity reformer and member of the LCC. Faught against institutions such as the Empire, stating that it was used for prostitution and the outfits and dances of ballerinas were indecent. She successfully challenged the music and dancing licence of the Empire. She also was responsible for making them add a barrier between the bar and auditorium which drastically lowered alcohol sales. She was seen as a joke, but author argues that she was concerned with the geographical layout, and she encouraged other female athletics. Wanted urban planning of the square to accommodate foot traffic and flow.

Answer 54

Formed in 1858: Result of the potato famine, a radical group that want to dissolve the link between England and Ireland. They attempt an uprising in 1867 via ship to Britain filled with American and Irish soldiers, however it was intercepted and bombed. Many British reacted angrily towards the bombing.

Answer 55

formed in 1874 by Isaac Butt, the leader of the Nationalist Party, replacing the Home Rule League, as official parliamentary party for Irish nationalist Members of Parliament (MPs) elected to the House of Commons at Westminster within the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland up until 1918. Its central objectives were legislative independence for Ireland and land reform. Its constitutional movement was instrumental in laying the groundwork for Irish self-government through three Irish Home Rule bills.

Answer 56

1879: was an Irish political organisation of the late 19th century which sought to help poor tenant farmers. Its primary aim was to abolish landlordism in Ireland and enable tenant farmers to own the land they worked on. The period of the Land League's agitation is known as the Land War. Charles Stuart Parnell was elected president.

Answer 57

an Irish nationalist politician and one of the most powerful figures in the British House of Commons in the 1880s. He helld the balance of power between William Gladstone's Liberals and Lord Salisbury's Conservatives. His power was one factor in Gladstone's adoption of Home Rule as the central tenet of the Liberal Party. His reputation peaked in 1889-90 when letters published in The Times linking him to the Phoenix Park murders of 1882 were shown to have been forged by Richard Pigott. However, the Irish Parliamentary Party split in 1890 after the revelation of Parnell's long adulterous love affair, causing many English Liberals (many of them nonconformists) to refuse to work with him, and strong opposition from Catholic bishops. He headed a small minority faction until his death in 1891. The ILL: Parnell says we need to disrupt parliament, and encourages the ILL to not pay rent. He gets arrested for this.

Answer 58

British secretary for Ireland was murdered in 1882 in Pheonix Park. A group of Fenians was to blame for this.

Answer 59

Nationalists believed they should be free from British culture. Re-teach Irish literature, Irish sport (hurling and football), relearned Gaelic as a language. Nationalist newspapers became important.

Answer 60

If a law goes through parliament 3 times in 3 years it becomes law.

Answer 61

1912: Lords reject every time but because of the parliament at of 1911, it passes. Opposition to home rule was also strong in the North of Ireland, where a majority of the population was Protestant mainly as a result of the settlement policies of previous centuries. This Bill offered only limited self-government and asserted the supreme authority of the UK Parliament “over all persons, matters, and things in Ireland”. Redmond, nevertheless, was willing to accept it, unlike Sinn Féin (another Irish nationalist party) and the Conservatives, for different reasons. The latter opposed it so fiercely that its third reading was not carried until January 1913.

Answer 62

was a unionist militia founded in 1912 to block domestic self-government (or Home Rule) for Ireland, which was then part of the United Kingdom. The Ulster Volunteers were based in the northern province of Ulster. Many Ulster Protestants feared being governed by a Catholic-majority parliament in Dublin and losing their local supremacy and strong links with Britain. In 1913, the militias were organised into the Ulster Volunteer Force (UVF) and vowed to resist any attempts by the British Government to 'impose' Home Rule on Ulster. . In April 1914, the UVF smuggled 25,000 rifles into Ulster. The Home Rule Crisis was halted by the outbreak of World War I in August 1914. Many UVF members enlisted with the British Army's 36th (Ulster) Division and went to fight on the Western Front.

Answer 63

1800s: advocated a primary focus on commercial domination, rather than formal colonization and territorial expansion. Over time, the phrase came to refer to the use of military and diplomatic power to force underdeveloped, or militarily weaker, countries to grant access to their markets to more powerful states. The result of this policy was the rise of an informal economic control that stopped short of outright colonization, but significantly curtailed the sovereignty of weaker countries. Free trade imperialism was practiced by many colonial states, but was primarily associated with British policies, especially in Latin America and Asia. As economic expansion became increasingly intertwined with empire, critics of imperialism, including Karl Marx and his later adherents, focused on the economic implications and motivations of imperialism and neocolonialism.

Answer 64

Britain is first to recognize Latin independence as long as Britain can control their economy. by 1913 the British had almost one billion pounds invested in Latin America (about one-quarter of total British overseas investments), despite having scarcely any formal colonial presence in the region. The British also used political and military intervention to support client regimes, as happened in Guatemala and Colombia in the 1870s. The British were also able to gain commercial concessions by linking recognition of colonies with trade agreements.

Answer 65

was the second King of the Belgians, known for the founding and exploitation of the Congo Free State as a private venture. Leopold was the founder and sole owner of the Congo Free State, a private project undertaken on his own behalf. He used explorer Henry Morton Stanley to help him lay claim to the Congo, an area now known as the Democratic Republic of the Congo. At the Berlin Conference of 1884–1885, the colonial nations of Europe authorized his claim by committing the Congo Free State to improving the lives of the native inhabitants. From the beginning, however, Leopold essentially ignored these conditions. He ran the Congo using the mercenary Force Publique for his personal enrichment. He used great sums of the money from this exploitation for public and private construction projects in Belgium during this period. He donated the private buildings to the state before his death, to preserve them for Belgium. Leopold extracted a fortune from the Congo, initially by the collection of ivory, and after a rise in the price of rubber in the 1890s, by forced labour from the natives to harvest and process rubber. Under his regime millions of the Congolese people died; modern estimates range from 1 to 15 million, with a consensus growing around 10 million. Human rights abuses under his regime contributed significantly to these deaths. Reports of deaths and abuse led to a major international scandal in the early 20th century, and Leopold was ultimately forced by the Belgian government to relinquish control of the colony to the civil administration in 1908.

Answer 66

If a major power doesn't colonize certain places, smaller powers will swoop in and take them (like Belgium). Reaction by major power competing incessantly for different areas around Africa. Conference called "1884 Berlin Conference" to act more civil and cease scrambling

Answer 67

served as Prime Minister of the Cape Colony from 1890 to 1896. He had a major role in mining diamonds in Africa, and strongly supported imperialism and the idea that the white man should dominate everywhere. Rhodes did not, however, have direct political power over the independent Boer Republic of the Transvaal.[citation needed] He often disagreed with the Transvaal government's policies, which he considered unsupportive of mine-owners' interests. In 1895, believing he could use his influence to overthrow the Boer government,[citation needed] Rhodes supported the infamous Jameson Raid, an attack on the Transvaal with the tacit approval of Secretary of State for the Colonies Joseph Chamberlain. The raid was a catastrophic failure. It forced Cecil Rhodes to resign as Prime Minister of the Cape Colony, sent his oldest brother Col. Frank Rhodes to jail in Transvaal convicted of high treason and nearly sentenced to death, and contributed to the outbreak of the Second Boer War.

Answer 68

Author of the Jungle Book. Most notably the White Man's Burden (1899): the poem about Eurocentric racism and about the belief of the Western world that industrialization is the way to civilize the Third World.

Answer 69

The Boy's Own Paper was a British story paper aimed at young and teenage boys, published from 1879 to 1967. It emphasized the "adventure" aspect of imperialism.

Answer 70

Dutch speaking colonies that wanted to be independent of the British. The Orange Free State was an independent Boer sovereign republic in southern Africa during the second half of the 19th century, and later a British colony and a province of the Union of South Africa. the British recognized the independence of the Orange River Sovereignty on 17 February 1854. This was the location of the Boer Wars and where the British created concentration camps and thousands died.

Answer 71

By the 1890s there were seventeen individual groups that were advocating women's suffrage. This included the London Society for Women's Suffrage, Manchester Society for Women's Suffrage and the Central Committee for Women's Suffrage. On 14th October 1897, these groups joined together to form the National Union of Women's Suffrage Societies (NUWSS). Lydia Becker was elected as president. Three years later, when Becker died, Millicent Fawcett became the new leader of the organisation.

Answer 72

In 1890, Millicent Fawcett was elected president of the National Union of Women's Suffrage Societies (NUWSS). She believed that it was important that the NUWSS campaigned for a wide variety of causes. Fawcett hoped that when Herbert Asquith became prime minister his Liberal government would give women the vote. However, once in power, he changed his mind on the subject. Because of this frustration grew against the liberal party, and in 1912 Fawcett and the NUWSS took the decision to support Labour Party candidates in parliamentary elections.

Answer 73

Formed by Emmaline Pankhurst and her 3 daughters: she formed the Women's Social and Political Union (WSPU). The main objective was to gain, not universal suffrage, the vote for all women and men over a certain age, but votes for women, “on the same basis as men.” This meant winning the vote not for all women but for only the small stratum of women who could meet the property qualification. Millicent Fawcett, like other members of the NUWSS, feared that the militant actions of the Women's Social and Political Unions (WSPU) would alienate potential supporters of women's suffrage. However, Fawcett and other leaders of the NUWSS admired the courage of the suffragettes and at first were unwilling to criticize members of the WSPU.

Answer 74

Realist ideal: 1)Don't let any other power dominate the continent 2) If they do, side with weaker power against the stronger one 3) Don't make long-term alliances 4) Rely on navy to keep England safe. This worked for 200 years. During the late nineteenth century, Britain's primary goal in foreign policy was to maintain the balance of power in Europe and to intervene if that balance was upset. Its secondary goal was to protect its overseas interest in the colonies and dominions, as free trade kept the Empire alive. The sea routes to the colonies, especially those linking Britain to India (via the Suez Canal), were vital. The policy of 'splendid isolation' was characterized by a reluctance to enter into permanent European alliances or commitments with the other great powers. Was also notable in the beginning of WWI

Answer 75

In WWI, made up of Italy, Germany, and Austria. Germany destroys relationship with Russia and France takes advantage and befriends Russia.

Answer 76

France, Britain, and Russia.

Answer 77

This was a way for Britain to show allegiance to French and to gain France's trust. Germany calls Britain's bluff by attempting to replace French influence in Morocco, and in doing so challenged the French and worsened relations. (this is the First Morocco Crisis). Britain does support France with help and this both humiliates Germany and makes them nervous, because at this point Austria-Hungary is their only ally.

Answer 78

Right before WWI, Britain is losing their lead in navy which that had dominated in for a long time. At this point they are not yet allies with anyone, and become nervous. So they build the Dreadnought, a formidable and advanced warship. Others follow Britain's lead in building their own.

Answer 79

1904: This is the first time a plan has been implemented before an attack occurs. Maps out all possibilities of war using draw ups and reviewing plans for mobilization or campaign

Answer 80

1989: Pressure on liberals to act militarily. This act was conservative, but passed by liberals. They can issue warrants to arrest those acting like German spies.

Answer 81

The idea of shared navies between France and Britain to cover more ground (er... water). This force consisted of 100,000 men that could rapidly respond to make it to the mainland in 15 days. This strengthened the trust between Britain and France.

Answer 82

Archduke of Austria, he was assassinated by a Serbian nationalist in June 1914, officially setting off WWI. Austria declared war on Serbia that day.

Answer 83

Germany created a plan which would allow them to quickly and forcefully mobilize against France, then they could recover to quickly defend Russia (who they predicted would mobilize slower than them). Germany declared war against France Aug. 1914.

Answer 84

Sept 1914: German advance into France using the Schlieffen plan, Had Germany made it to the capital (Paris) they would have won and ended the war. However, resistance caused them to not make it that far.

Answer 85

A peninsula on modern-day Turkey, this was a desirable area because it provided a sea route to the Russian Empire. Britain and France launched a navel attack in attempts to secure it. This was one of the greatest victories of the Ottoman Empire during the war. Britain admitted defeat after 8 months and after 250,000 Brits (as well as allies) died. This could lower prestige of Europeans.

Answer 86

President of Turkey (post-war, because Turkey) and he was the military leader that was responsible for the British and French defeat in Gallipoli.

Answer 87

July-Nov 1916: First use of conscription for British. Germans wanted to "bleed the French dry" by repeatedly beating against the barrier at Verdun. Heavy artillery and attacks in rushes made this a very bloody battle of attrition. 1.5 million deaths total.

Answer 88

Known as "butcher of the Somme", commander of the British army who is known for his strategy of attrition. He was criticized for prolonged campaign. Attrition is an outdated strategy because it doesn't hold up as well against modern weapons.

Answer 89

July-Nov 1917: Haig used strategy of attrition here also. The Triple entente wanted to regain group taken by the Germans in Ypres, Belgium. Though a controversial campaign, approved by PM David Lloyd George. The conditions it was fought in (mud, etc) made it unbearable. It was a victory for the Entente, but resulted in 244,000 Britis lives and 217,000 German lives.

Answer 90

He takes over as general, and improves French war conditions greatly. In the battle of Verdun (Feb-Dec 1916) Petain uses these tactics to become s stronger, forward moving army: bring a continuous stream of artillery, ammunition and fresh troops into besieged Verdun grinded down the German onslaught to a final halt in July 1916. In 1917, the year of "mutiny" for France, many French soldiers took up pacifism in protest of soldier deaths. Pétain, in response, decided to off from major French offensives until the Americans arrived in force on the front lines, which did not happen until the early summer of 1918.

Answer 91

(Jul-Aug 1918) This was the last major German offense, and the French and American troops counter attacked and overwhelmed them, making it an Entente victory. The primary importance of the battle was its morale aspect: the strategic gains on the Marne marked the end of a string of German victories and the beginning of a series of Allied victories that would in three months bring the German Army to its knees.

Answer 92

During WWI: 1914. Asquith was PM (liberal) and didn't want to go to war but saw it as necessary. He brought in conservatives to work with his liberal gov. Lord Kitchener was an important example, because he was brought in to become Secretary of State for War. He organised the largest volunteer army that Britain had seen, and oversaw a significant expansion of materials production to fight Germany on the Western Front. Despite having warned of the difficulty of provisioning Britain for a long war, he was blamed for the shortage of shells in the spring of 1915 – one of the events leading to the formation of a coalition government – and stripped of his control over munitions and strategy.

Answer 93

1915: After the creation of the coalition government, a formation between liberals, conservatives, and labour party to call a truce and post-pone general election. Arthur was the first Labour cabinet minister ever.

Answer 94

a British government position created during the First World War to oversee and co-ordinate the production and distribution of munitions for the war effort. The position was created in response to the Shell Crisis of 1915 when there was much public criticism of the shortage of shells available. David Lloyd George was put in this position. He is given unlimited funds and decides to nationalize factories, or fields, and railroads to produce shells. This is great for the working class as they are making much better wages, however when the gov stops supporting these businesses post war they collapse.

Answer 95

He made the coalition government a thing. Law's next job, therefore, was to assist the Liberal Party in creating a new government. In their discussions on 17 May, both Law and Lloyd George had agreed that Lord Kitchener should not remain in the War Office, and removing him became top priority. Because of the press and his popularity, Kitchener could not be removed. In order to keep him and at the same time remove the munitions supply from his grasp to prevent a repeat of the "shells crisis" the Ministry of Munitions was created, with Lloyd George becoming Minister of Munitions.

Answer 96

During the First World War, lengthy cabinet discussions came to be seen as a source of vacillation in Britain's war effort. In December 1916 it was proposed that the Prime Minister H. H. Asquith should delegate decision-making to a small, three-man committee chaired by the secretary of state for war David Lloyd George. Asquith initially agreed (provided he retained the right to chair the committee if he chose) before changing his mind after being infuriated by an article in The Times which portrayed the proposed change as a defeat for him. The political crisis grew from this point until Asquith was forced to resign as Prime Minister; he was succeeded by David Lloyd George who thereupon formed a small war cabinet. Notable members: David Lloyd George, Arthur Henderson, and Andrew Bonar Law.

Answer 97

The idea of gov nationalizing parts of economy during war to increase production. Used during WWI in Britain and was enforced by David Lloyd George. After the war, this created a socialist state in Britain and created a model that other socialist states would be based off of.

Answer 98

1926: Dominions became known as "British Commonwealth", given certain freedoms, and were equals under the queen but not subordinate.

Answer 99

Irish home rule party leader, John Redmond, believes loyalty to Britain will result in liberation from Britain. He encouraged Irish volunteers to fight on Britain's behalf in France. He also was competing against Ulster volunteers who were Protestant and against home rule and Irish independence. This was pre-conscription.

Answer 100

Fenians, some in Irish forces and others negotiated with Germany to send arms to Ireland to rebel against Britain, and Britain discovered the plan and intercepted the arms a few days before the planned rebellion. Ireland still declared itself independent on that day all across Ireland (mostly major cities) and had protests and strikes. Britain's reaction was harsh, and resulted in Irish citizens wanted full out freedom as opposed to home rule.

Answer 101

1918: During the second battle of the Marne when Germany gives one last major effort to win, Britain decided it needed to start drafting Irish men. As a reaction there is a general strike in Ireland Eamon de Valera, leader of the Sinn Fein Party, says Britain is distrustful. In the next general election the Sinn Fein wins a lot of support.

Answer 102

After the conscription crisis: Eamon de Valera, leader of the Sinn Fein Party, says Britain is distrustful. In the next general election the Sinn Fein wins a lot of support.

Answer 103

Becomes the leader of the IRA (previously the Sinn Fein party) The Irish Republican Army (IRA) is any of several armed movements in Ireland in the 20th and 21st centuries dedicated to Irish republicanism, the belief that all of Ireland should be an independent republic. It was also characterized by the belief that political violence was necessary to achieve that goal. Lloyd George responds by saying "don't acknowledge rebels".

Answer 104

1919-1922: Paramilitary group given permission to do illegal acts and commit violence against the IRA. Outside of legal bounds. Terror tactics on behalf of the state, and many died including civilians. The black and tans had little military training, and the result pushed more Irish civilians to back the IRA while Britain decided peace was the best course of action.

Answer 105

1920: By Lloyd George. The Act divided Ireland into two territories, Southern Ireland and Northern Ireland (Ulsters), each intended to be self-governing, except in areas specifically reserved to the Parliament of the United Kingdom: chief amongst these were matters relating to the Crown, to defence, foreign affairs, international trade, and currency. The Ulsters were pleased with this but the rest of Ireland wasn't.

Answer 106

was the revolutionary, unicameral parliament of the Irish Republic from 1919 to 1922. The Dáil was first formed by 73 Sinn Féin MPs elected in the 1918 United Kingdom general election. Their manifesto refused to recognise the British parliament at Westminster and chose instead to establish an independent legislature in Dublin. The convention of the First Dáil coincided with the beginning of the War of Independence. Until the conclusion of the Anglo-Irish Treaty in 1921 it was the mission of Dáil Éireann to create a parallel system of government in Ireland that would gain the allegiance of the public and eventually supplant the British state.

Answer 107

1921: Ireland and Britain compromise. It provided for the establishment of the Irish Free State within a year as a self-governing dominion within the 'community of nations known as the British Empire', a status 'the same as that of the Dominion of Canada'. It also provided Northern Ireland, which had been created by the Government of Ireland Act 1920, an option to opt out of the Irish Free State, which it exercised. Eamon de Valera resigned so that he wouldn't have to be the one to accept these terms. This starts undoing British control, and in WWII Ireland decides to not participate.

Midterm Flashcards

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