Midterm Flashcards
(34 cards)
1
Q
Encomienda
A
Natives given to Spaniards by the Crown
Rights to tribute & labor given in exchange for care of Indians
2
Q
La Malinche/Malintzin
A
- Nahua woman from Mexican Gulf Coast
- Interpreter, advisor, and lover of Cortes
- Gave birth to Cortes’ son, considered first Mestizos
- Played a role in the conquest of Mexico
3
Q
Sor Juana Ines de la Cruz
A
- Self taught poet and writer of colonial Mexico
- Nun of New Spain
- Although she was a part of colonial Mexico, considred at the front of Mexican Literature
4
Q
Nezahualcoyotl
A
Ruler of Texcoco
Poet, philosopher, engineer
Designed laws, libraries, and aquaducts
5
Q
Pakal the Great
A
- Ruler of the Maya, Palenque
- Ruled for about 68 years
- Responsible for notable surviving inscriptions and architecture
6
Q
Cuauhtemoc
A
- Aztec ruler of Tenochtitlan from 1520-1521
- “One That Has Descended Like an Eagle
- Took rule during the Spanish invasion and Small Pox outbreak
- Executed by Cortes
7
Q
Moctezuma II
A
- 9th ruler of Tenochtitlan, 1502-1520
- First contact between Mesoamerica and Europeans took place during his reign
- Killed during the intial stages of the Spanish conquest of Mexico
- During his reign Aztec Empire reached its maximal size
8
Q
Bartolomé de las Casas
A
- “protector of the Indians”
- 16th-century Spanish HIstorian and social reformer
- Wrote two books chronicalizing the first decades of colonization of the West Indies and the atrocities committed against the indigenous peoples
- Advocated for the use of African slaves instead of Natives
9
Q
Zumarraga
A
- Born in Biscary province, Basque region of Spain
- First civil officials
- First archbishop New Spain, 1528
- “Protector of Indians” (?)
- Large role in conversion
- Champion of education
10
Q
Carlos de Siguenza y Góngora
A
- Creole administrator, intellectual, scientist
- Wrote “Philosophical Manifest Against the Comets” 1681
- Played role in developing legend of Virgin of Guadalupe
- Identified cause of wheat disease 1692
- 1699 named examiner for Inquisition
11
Q
New Laws
A
- 1542
- Abolished Indian slavery
- Indians given as reward placed under Crown protection
- New new allotments of encomienda
12
Q
Hernan Cortes
A
- Spanish Conquistador who led an expedition that caused the fall of the Aztec Empire
- began Spanish colonization of the Americas
13
Q
Juan Diego
A
- Saw apparition in 1531 that came to be known as the Virgin of Guadalupe
- Told to build a chapel at Tepeyac Hill
- Account of the story was not written down for 100 years
- Canonized in 2002, first indigenous American saint
14
Q
The Black Legend
A
- Idea that Spaniards were brutal and blood thirsty
- Rooted in 16th0century debates over new world
15
Q
Mexica
A
- also known as Aztecs
- Indigenous people of the Valley of Mexico
- founded two citites Tenochtitlan and Tlatelolco
- Refers to interconnected settlements in the valley which became the site of present day Mexico City
16
Q
Casta
A
- term used in 17th and 18th-century Spanish America
- Describes as a whole the mixed-race people which appear in the post-Conquest period
17
Q
Fray Servando Teresa de Mier
A
- Roman Catholic priest and a preacher and politician
- Gaves a sermon affirming that the apparitions of the Virgin of Guadalupe had appeared 1750 years before
- One wekk later the Archbishop condmened him to excomunion and prison
- Exiled to Spain
- Eventually opened an Academy in Paris
18
Q
Florentine Codex
A
- 16th-century ethnographic researach project in Mesoamerica by Bernardino de Sahagun
- 1545-1590
- Documents the culture, religious cosmology and ritual practices, society, economics, and natural history of the Aztec people
19
Q
Vicente Guerrero
A
- one of the leading revolutionary generals of the Mexican War of Independence
- later served briefly as President of Mexico
- “My motherland comes first” - now the motto of the state of Guerrero, named in his honor
20
Q
Contradictions of the Church
A
- Served colonial power yet consistently advocated for Indian communities
- Early conversion spectacular
- Mid-sixteenth century crisis occurred when Indians began to speculate on the Catholic church because of their inability to ascend power in the church
- lead to a tendency of priest to look at individuals and not the bigger picture
- moved them to congregaciones and missiones
- Syncretism - hybrid of traditional Indian rituals with adopted Catholic symbols
- Assimilation
- Adaptation
- Resistance
21
Q
Conquest Timeline
A
- 1517 Spanish land in Yucatan
- 1519 return to Yucatan and follow coast, Motezuma II sends emissaries, gifts, and requests for the Spanish to leave
- Tlaxcalans ally w/ Spanish
- November 1519, Spanish arrive in Tenochtitlan
- Montezuma II taken captive in own city; great battle
- Spanish retreat, Noche Triste
- Smallpox destroys 40% of population in Central Mexico
- June 1521 Spanish attack with brigantines
- Mexica surrender, August 13, 1521
22
Q
Administration of New Spain
A
King (and Queen)
Council of the Indies
Viceroy New Spain Viceroy Peru
Audiencias (High Court) Audiencias (Judicial Branch)
Local Governance Local Governance
- Spanish Dynasties during Colonial Period
- Trastamara Dynasty 1454-1506
- Habsburg Dynasty 1516-1700
- Bourbon Dynasty 1700-1833
23
Q
Maya
A
- Established during the pre-classical period
- civilization noted for the only known developed written language of the pre-Columbian Americas
- Art, architecture, and mathematical and astronomical systems
24
Q
Teotihuacan
A
- 30 miles northeast of Mexico city
- contains some of the largest mesoamerican pyramids built in the pre-Columbian Americas
- “Where man met the gods.”
- population at its height around 125,000 +
- Came to be the largest and most populated city known in the world at the time
- lasted until sometime between the 7th and 8th centuries AD
- Ethnicity of the city is debated. Possible candidates are Nahua, Otomi or Totonac
25
Tenochtitlan
* Nahua city-state located on an island in Lake Texcoco
* Founded in 1325 it became the capital of the expanding Mexica Empire in the 15th century until the Spanish captured it in 1521
26
Auto-de-fe
* Ritual of public penance of condemned heretics and apostates during Spanish Inquisition
* "Act of faith"
27
Spanish Inquisition
* 1521-1812 in New Spain
* seeking out unfaithful
* Mainly dealth with correcting practices and opinions rooted in popular culture
* Did not apply to Indians
28
Factors in Conquest
* Politics
* There were many thousands of natives willing to side with Cortes
* Technology
* Conflicting weapons of war
* Spirituality
* had an influence on how the natives acted towards the Spanish
* Biology
* Disease and the role European diseases play in decimating the Valley of Mexico
29
Geronimo de Aguilar
* Along with La Malinche he assisted Cortes in translating indigenous language to Spanish
* Captured twice by Mayans, lived in captivity the second time for 8 years and learned the language
* Married a Maya woman and fathered the first mestizo children of Mexico
30
Creole/Criollo
* Locally-born people of pure or mostly Spanish ancestry
31
Peninsular
* European-born persons
32
Mestizo
* One European-born parent and one who was a member of an indigenous American population
* Had fewer rights in the Casta system than European-born persons
33
Bourbon Reforms
* began with establishing viceroyalty to improve administration in the colony
* created a more organized militia, but it became racially based
* Made government more secular
* raise in taxes led to want of independence
34
Miguel Cabrera
* best known artist in colonial Mexico
* Some of his work can be seen as social commentary
* created Casta painting for King Charles III
* Founded Academy of Painting, 1753
