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ENVS > Midterm > Flashcards

Midterm Flashcards

1
Q

Malthus

A
  • population grows exponentially but resources are linear
  • disease, famine, war are natural corrections
  • poor and women = bad
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2
Q

Neo Malthusian

A

population has greatest impact on environment but effects of population are mediated by lifestyle differences

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3
Q

IPAT

A

impact on environment = population x affluence x technology

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4
Q

Environmental Kuznet’s Curve

A

pollution goes up as cities become industrial and then decreases as they become service economies

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5
Q

Forest Transition Theory

A

period of deforestation in a region during development, followed by a return of the forest when the economy becomes more conservation oriented

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6
Q

Carrying Capacity

A

theoretical limit of a population that a systems resources can sustain

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7
Q

Ecological Footprint

A

theoretical spacial extent of the Earth’s surface required to sustain an individual, group, system, or organization
an index of environmental impact

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8
Q

Boserup

A
  • Conditions of Agricultural Growth
  • demands for food rise with increased population
  • amount of food produced on same amount of land increases
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9
Q

Cornucopian

A

-seeing population as a resource, not problem

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10
Q

Induced Intensification

A
  • scarce resources = people innovate

- more brains/hands working to solve problems

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11
Q

Green Revolution

A
  • technical innovations from 50s-80s in fertilization, mechanization, and policy changes
  • increased yields beyond consumption
  • example of induced intensification
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12
Q

Demographic Transition

A

multi stage model that describes population growth over time and considers the changes in birth and death rates through stages of economic development

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13
Q

Fertility Rates

A

As women’s rights, education, and literacy increases, fertility decreases

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14
Q

Simon Elrich Bet

A
  • E = neo malthusian, S = cornucopian
  • bet on prices of 5 metals over 10 years
  • E = increase bc of scarcity, S = decrease bc of innovation
  • S won
  • demonstrated ability of humans to alter outcomes of population growth
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15
Q

Market Response Model

A
  • Resource scarcity causes prices to rise
  • decrease in demand and increase in supply lead to less scarcity and lowers prices
  • decrease in demand = substitution, higher efficiency use, recycling
  • increase in supply = expanding extraction, discovering new
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16
Q

Externalities

A

costs or benefits that are not figured into the price of goods or services

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17
Q

Coase Theorem

A

externalities can be most efficiently controlled through contracts/bargaining between parties assuming the transaction cost of reaching a bargain are not excessive

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18
Q

Transaction Costs

A

Costs in time, money, personnel, or materials to ensure enforcement of exchange rules or contracts

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19
Q

Monopoly

A

one seller for many buyers (seller determines price) that creates artificially inflated pricing of goods/services

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20
Q

Monopsony

A

one buyer for many sellers (buyer determines price) that creates artificial deflated pricing of goods/services

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21
Q

Cap and Trade

A
  • Regulations set a maximum for pollution emissions, but individuals or firms may trade the right to pollute to others
  • intended to reduce emissions w/o excessive cost
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22
Q

Greenwashing

A

claims about green practices do not always match actual practices

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23
Q

Green Certification

A

used to verify claims about green practices

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24
Q

Green Consumption

A

-relies on costumer demand to change environmental conditions

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25
Q

Prisoners Dilemma

A

theoretical game in which a particular action would benefit all but individuals behaving selfishly will create a situation that is not optimal for everyone

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26
Q

Game Theory

A
  • applied mathematics used to model and predict people’s behavior in strategic situations where people’s choices are predicted on the decisions of others
  • best outcome achieved through cooperation but individual incentives lead to non cooperation
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27
Q

Hardin

A

theorized the “tragedy of the commons” as a particular type of prisoners dilemma

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28
Q

Ostrom

A
  • critically analyzed game theory
  • what if prisoners could have talked before interrogation?
  • when players can negotiate, more likely to cooperate
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29
Q

Institutions

A

formal laws and social norms

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30
Q

Common Property

A
  • good/resource whose characteristics make it difficult to fully enclose or partition
  • res nullius = not owned, open to anyone
  • res communes = owned collectively, only group has access
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31
Q

Tragedy of the Enclosure

A
  • bc of Hardin’s logic, resources transferred from local management to private firms or government so access to resources restricted
  • locals: no alternative livelihood, turn to less desirable alternatives, continue to use resource at risk of being a criminal
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32
Q

Principles of Sustainable Common Pool Resource Management

A

boundaries, proportionality, collective choice, monitoring, sanctions, conflict resolution, autonomy

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33
Q

Factory Farms

A

raise animals for industrial meat production but often use morally questionable methods

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34
Q

Ethics

A

philosophy of right and wrong

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35
Q

Environmental Justice

A

stresses need for equitable distribution of environmental goods and environmental bads between people

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36
Q

Anthropocentric

A

human centered

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37
Q

Ecocentric

A

environment/Earth centered

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38
Q

Dominion Thesis

A

biblical tradition that humans should control nature and use it how the wish

39
Q

Utilitarian

A

based on theory of John Locke, nature only has value if it is useful to humans and anything left unused is waste

40
Q

Pinchot

A
  • Utilitarian conservationist
  • resources can be used as long as they are used sustainably
  • best thing is greatest good for greatest amount of people
  • forest service
41
Q

Muir

A
  • preservationist
  • nature should be left alone as much as possible
  • areas with little human impact should be protected
  • park service
42
Q

Conservation

A

management of resource/system to sustain its productivity over time, scientific management

43
Q

Preservation

A

management of resource/system for protection for its own sake

44
Q

Hetch Hetchy Valley

A
  • Pinchot/conservationists = river should be dammed to provide steady water supply to San Fran, wild area serves fewer people
  • Muir/preservationists = landscape remain unaltered for people to enjoy, it has intrinsic value
45
Q

Leopold/Land Ethic

A
  • argues that something is right if it promotes healthy ecosystem functioning
  • use of environment isn’t right or wrong: depends on whether it is used sustainably
  • ecocentric
46
Q

Animal Liberation

A

movement that argues for the extension of ethical consideration to individual animals

47
Q

Deep Ecology

A

argues for more truly ecologically informed view of the world and focuses on interactions between humans and the environment

48
Q

Intrinsic Value (of nature)

A

value of natural object in and for itself, as an end rather than a means

49
Q

Hazard

A

a thing, condition, or process that threatens individuals and society in terms of production (making a living) and reproduction (being alive)

50
Q

Risk

A

the known or estimated probability that a hazard related decision will have a negative consequence

51
Q

Uncertainty

A

the degree to which the outcomes of a decision or situation are unknown

52
Q

Risk Perception

A

the tendency of people to evaluate the hazardousness of a situation based on biases, culture, or human nature

53
Q

Over/Under Estimation of Risk Biases

A
  • Voluntary/Involuntary
  • trusted source/non trusted source
  • observable/unobservable
  • delayed effects/immediate effects
  • common non catastrophic/uncommon catastrophic
54
Q

Social Amplification of Risk

A

risk events interact with individual psychological, social and other cultural factors in ways that either increase or decrease public perceptions of risk

55
Q

Cultural Theory/Douglas

A
  • the way people think about risk is related to how society is organized
  • preferred risk management strategies depend on views of the environment
56
Q

Precautionary Principle

A
  • nature is fragile and disturbances may leave permanent damage
  • exercise caution until proven safe
57
Q

Commodity

A

a thing that can be bought or sold

58
Q

Means of Production

A

infrastructure, equipment, machinery, etc required to make things, goods, and commodities

59
Q

Conditions of Production

A

material and environmental conditions required for specific economy to function (i.e water for use or health of workers)

60
Q

Surplus Value

A

capital accumulated by undervaluing labor and over extracting resources

61
Q

Exchange Value

A

goods are exchanged for the value of the persons directly involved in the transaction

62
Q

First Contradiction of Capitalism

A

capitalism undermines itself through:

  • over accumulation; wealth is in the hands of a few so many cannot afford to buy commodities to keep system expanding
  • overproduction (too many goods produced) and underconsumption (people can’t afford goods); goods are not purchased as quickly as they are produced
63
Q

Second Contradiction of Capitalism

A

capitalism undermines itself by undervaluing the environmental conditions necessary for its own propagation through:

  • environmental degradation (harms conditions of production and worker health)
  • over extraction of resources (produces scarcity that limits growth)
64
Q

Production of Nature

A

thesis that argues:

  • nature is always altered by human activity
  • we must be critical of attempts to use markets to solve environmental problems
  • we must be critical of activities that treat the environment as external to politics and the economy because the underlying causes of degradation will be ignored
65
Q

Spatial Fix

A

moving the processes of production or consumption to a new location

  • resource extraction to where it isn’t depleted
  • factory to location with cheaper labor or less strict environmental standards
66
Q

Globalization

A

ongoing process by which regional economies, societies, and cultures have become integrated through a globe spanning network of exchange

67
Q

Social Construction of Nature

A

any category, condition, or thing is understood to have certain characteristics because people agree that it does

68
Q

Constructivist

A

examines how concepts, beliefs, and practices shape not only how we understand the world, but also the world itself

69
Q

Pristine Myth (of the New World)

A

Europeans constructed image of the new world as pristine and undeveloped, and used this concept to justify violently displacing its inhabitants

70
Q

Discourse

A

spoken and written language that not only represents the world but may materially change it. Includes Narrative, concept, ideology, signifying practices

71
Q

Wilderness

A

a natural parcel of land more or less unaffected by human forces
-increasingly viewed as social construction

72
Q

Sustainable Development

A

development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs

73
Q

Sustainable Science

A

field of study guided by normative goals about society and the environment:

  • Earth is complex adaptive system
  • trade offs inherent
  • requires multiple and new forms of knowledge
74
Q

Trade-Offs

A
  • no one optimal path

- over space, over time, across scales, between objectives

75
Q

Disciplines

A

organized knowledge according to subject and approach to study

76
Q

Multidisciplinary

A

requires multiple forms of expertize to address different dimensions of a problem

77
Q

Interdisciplinary

A

requires multiple forms of expertize to address different dimensions of a problem

78
Q

Trans-disciplinary

A

knowledge falls between academic and non-academic domains, requires a blending of approaches

79
Q

Credibility, Salience, Legitimacy

A

scientific approach is credible, subject matter/findings useful for stake holders, legit info is respectful of stakeholders

80
Q

Boundary Organizations

A

neutral territory for scientists and stake holders to co-produce knowledge to address ‘real world problems’

81
Q

Boundary Objects

A

easy to interpret for science and society but retain core meaning

82
Q

Anticipatory Governance

A
  • decision making under uncertainty
  • embrace, not reduce, uncertainty
  • co produce scenarios for multiple plausible futures based on scientific evidence
  • adjust as new info emerges
83
Q

Ecosystem

A

all of the biotic and abiotic components of the environment functioning as a unit

84
Q

Biodiversity

A

the variety of life in an ecosystem; species and function

85
Q

6th Mass Extinction

A

periods of rapid biodiversity loss, the current period is most severe and thought to be caused by humans

86
Q

Ecosystem Services

A

all the benefits humans receive from nature

87
Q

Provisioning, Cultural, Regulating, Supporting Services

A

part of the MEA 2005

  • framework for future research
  • emphasis on human well being
  • acknowledges failure of conservation efforts
88
Q

Substitutes

A

provide some, but not all functions of biodiversity

  • rooftop gardens
  • white roofs
89
Q

Ecological Accounting

A

strategies for assigning monetary value to ecosystem services

90
Q

Ecological Resilience

A

the capacity of an ecosystem to tolerate disturbance without collapsing into a qualitatively different state that is controlled by a different set of ecological processes

91
Q

Adaptive Capacity

A

the ability to cope with or respond to stress

92
Q

Poverty/Rigidity Trap

A
  • poverty persists because actors lack the resources and capacity to accumulate wealth
  • unsustainable trajectories persist, despite abundant resources, because those in power benefit in short term from the status quo
93
Q

Adaptive Management

A

ecosystem management and policy are experiments to engage in analytical or social learning
-trial and error, best guess, embrace uncertainty

94
Q

Adaptive Co-Management

A

including multiple stakeholder groups often and early in the management process improves the quality and durability of decisions about the environment

ENVS (1 decks)

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