Midterm

Question 1

SELF PSYCHOLOGY

Answer 1

Kohut: a theory that the self is the center of psychological motivation, organization, and change in personality. It also assumes that psychological damage to the self produces psychopathology.

Question 2

Object Relations Theory

Answer 2

Kohut and Mahler. States that the course of human development depends on the quality
of the relationships established between individuals, particularly between parents and their
children.

Question 3

Self Objects

Answer 3

Kohut. representations of psychologically important people who can help us cope
with and resolve problems.

Question 4

Primary Narcissism

Answer 4

Kohut. initial state of well-being and satisfaction in which all of the infant’s
needs are gratified and the infant feels an oceanic perfection and bliss

Question 5

Grandiose Self

Answer 5

Kohut. the primitive view of oneself as great. The is a need for the baby to be
MIRRORED (parent reflects child’s feeling i.e. when child is sad the parent’s face shows sad,
when child is happy, parents face reflects child’s feeling)- a child’s yearning for admiration and
approval.

Question 6

Idealized Parental Image

Answer 6

Kohut. the child’s initial view of their parents as perfect, that is, as all knowing and all-powerful. The child’s need to idealize is a need to seek security by identifying with all-powerful figures, usually parents.

Question 7

Empathic Parents

Answer 7

Kohut. parents capable of assuming the perspective of the child, to know and understand his or her experiences.

Question 8

Optimal Frustration

Answer 8

Kohut. ideal, not traumatic, frustration of a person’s needs (by parents) that fosters new learning and personal growth. Delayed gratification. Knowing that they will
eventually be there.

Question 9

Nuclear Self

Answer 9

Kohut. the foundation of personality, established through a learning process that is
initiated by empathic parents, in which individuals modify their unrealistic beliefs about
themselves and their caretakers.

Question 10

Psychosis

Answer 10

Kohut. a severe disturbance of the self in which defenses do not cover major defects in the self.

Question 11

Borderline States

Answer 11

Kohut. a disorder of the self in which damage to the self is permanent or protracted. In contrast to the psychoses, the central defect is better covered by major
defenses.

Question 12

Schizoid Personality Disorders

Answer 12

Kohut. Borderline State. The defective self structures are protected against further damage by aloofness and superficial involvement in relationships.

Question 13

Paranoid Personality Disorders

Answer 13

Kohut. Borderline State. Deficiencies in self structures are shielded against further damage by using hostility and suspicion to keep potentially injurious objects at a safe
distance.

Question 14

Understimulated Self

Answer 14

Kohut. Narcissistic Personality Disorder. Leaves individuals with an empty feeling, bored and depressed
because their parents have failed to respond empathically to their mirroring and idealizing
needs.

Question 15

Overstimulated Self

Answer 15

Kohut. Narcissistic Personality Disorders. is when individuals exposed to excessive stimulation in childhood,
because their fantasies of greatness were continually reinforced by unempathic caregivers.

Question 16

Overburdened Self

Answer 16

Kohut. Narcissistic Personality Disorders. is when a person has not had an opportunity to merge with the calmness
of an omnipotent self-object, usually a parent. The result is lack of self-soothing capacity that
could have been learned through such contact.

Question 17

Mirror-Hungry Personalities

Answer 17

Kohut. Narcissistic Behavior Disorders. are individuals who crave self-objects whose confirming and
admiring responses will increase their feelings of self worth.

Question 18

Ideal-Hungry Personalities

Answer 18

Kohut. Narcissistic Behavior Disorders. are individuals who experience themselves as worthwhile as
long as they can related to people they can admire.

Question 19

Alter-Ego Personalities

Answer 19

Kohut. Narcissistic Behavior Disorders. are individuals who feel worthwhile only if they have a relationship
with a self-object who looks and dresses like them and has similar opinions and values.

Question 20

Merger-Hungry Personalities

Answer 20

Kohut. Narcissistic Behavior Disorders. individuals who experience others as their own self.

Question 21

Contact-Shunning Personalities

Answer 21

Kohut. Narcissistic Behavior Disorders. the intense longing to merge with self-objects, such individuals are highly sensitive to rejection. To avoid this pain, they avoid social contact.

Question 22

Empathy (Kohut)

Answer 22

Kohut THERAPEUTIC TECHNIQUE. plays a big role, it is the ability to assume the perspective of another person, to know and understand his or her experiences.

Question 23

Mirror Transference

Answer 23

Kohut THERAPEUTIC TECHNIQUE. Transference in which a person who had not been adequately mirrored
that is, confirmed and given approval by his mother relives these experiences with the
therapist.

Question 24

Idealizing Transference

Answer 24

Kohut THERAPEUTIC TECHNIQUE. the process in which a patient whose needs to be protected by
an admired, powerful parent in early childhood were frustrated relives these experiences.

Question 25

Alter-Ego Transference

Answer 25

Kohut THERAPEUTIC TECHNIQUE. the process in which a patient whose needs for belonging as a member of the group have not been met by family members relives these experiences with an accepting therapist

Question 26

Counter-Transference (Kohut)

Answer 26

``` Kohut THERAPEUTIC TECHNIQUE. the therapist's tendency to react to the patient on the basis of his or her (therapist's) own narcissistic needs and conflicts. ```

Question 27

Kohut goal of therapy

Answer 27

to redirect narcissistic energies from the unrealistic self structures to the nuclear self and ego......reparenting

Question 28

INDIVIDUAL PSYCHOLOGY

Answer 28

Adler. a theory that seeks to understand the behavior of each person as a complex, organized entity operating within a society.

Question 29

Social Interest

Answer 29

Adler. the innate tendency in human beings to help and cooperate with one another as a means of establishing a harmonious and productive society.

Question 30

Style of life

Answer 30

Adler. Life style or Style of life is the individual's distinctive personality pattern, which is basically shaped by the end of early childhood.

Question 31

Birth Order

Answer 31

Adler. how each child is treated by parents depends to a large extent on the child's order of birth within the family. first born understands the importance of power, dominance, responsibility and intellectual achievement. second born (and later born) likely to be rebellious and highly competitive. Also could be opposite of first born qualities. youngest born family members tend to spoil them. only born likely to lack social competence (Falbo proved Adler wrong on this one)

Question 32

ruling-person type

Answer 32

Adler. Destructive life style. Person who strives for personal superiority by trying to exploit and control others

Question 33

getting-person

Answer 33

Adler. Destructive life style. attains personal goals by relying indiscriminately on others for help.

Question 34

avoiding-person

Answer 34

Adler. Destructive life style. lacks the confidence to confront problems and avoids or ignores them.

Question 35

feelings of inferiority

Answer 35

Adler. striving for superiority in accordance with social interest vs feelings of inferiority and striving for superiority in a selfish, uncooperative way

Question 36

behavior is purposeful and goal-directed

Answer 36

Adler

Question 37

Faulty Motivations

Answer 37

Adler. Goal of therapy was to change faulty motivations

Question 38

Can change our lives through education, goals

Answer 38

Adler

Question 39

Autistic Phase

Answer 39

Mahler. 0-1 months. "wow"

Question 40

Symbiotic Phase

Answer 40

Mahler. 1-6 months. One with the world

Question 41

Separation Individuation Phase

Answer 41

Mahler. 6-32 months. "I am"

Question 42

Rapprochement Phase

Answer 42

Mahler's focus 18-32 months.

Question 43

Mahler's Focus

Answer 43

Attachment and early childhood development

Question 44

SPLITTING

Answer 44

Mahler defense mechanism. separate objects and feelings into good and bad. Just like a child, at time of need can't hold good mom and bad mom. Either one.

Question 45

PROJECTION

Answer 45

Mahler defense mechanism. a part of self is expelled from the intrapsychic to an external object transference. Project unwanted parts of self onto others.

Question 46

PROJECTIVE IDENTIFICATION

Answer 46

Mahler defense mechanism. when split off part and project it onto someone else, the person unconsciously accepts it and responds as the projector intended.

Question 47

INTROJECTION

Answer 47

Mahler defense mechanism. taking something perceived in the external world into one's internal where it becomes an active part of self.

Question 48

Secure Attachment

Answer 48

Mahler. People can go away and you are good because you know they'll come back

Question 49

Ambivalent Attachment

Answer 49

Mahler. ○ Sometimes parents were good, sometimes they were bad. Don't know what to expect

Question 50

Object Relations

Answer 50

Margaret Mahler's theory of personality. internalized images of self and other based on early parent child interactions which determine a persons mode of relationship with others.

Question 51

Ego Psychology

Answer 51

Erik Erikson's theory of personality. theory that the ego is not always controlled by biological impulses, but functions independently of these urges, thereby providing the individual with an opportunity for creative action and positive growth. Unlike Freud, Erikson felt the ego and self grows throughout the lifespan, not just the first six years of life.

Question 52

Epigenetic Principle

Answer 52

Erikson. development unfolds in a predetermined sequence across a series of stages.

Question 53

Coined the term Identity crisis

Answer 53

Erik Erikson

Question 54

oral-sensory stage

Answer 54

Erik Erikson stage 1. 0-1 years old. Trust vs. mistrust. Dependent on relationship with mother. trust forms the basis for growing the identity. Gain the virtue of hope from this stage.

Question 55

muscular-anal stage

Answer 55

Erik Erikson stage 2. 1-3 yrs old. Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt Stage. toilet training. Gain will from this stage.

Question 56

locomotor-genital stage

Answer 56

Erik Erikson stage 3. Initiative vs. guilt. 3-6 yrs old. Dressing yourself. Will gain purpose from this stage

Question 57

latency stage (Erikson)

Answer 57

Erik Erikson stage 4. Industry vs. Inferiority. 6-11 yrs old. Will gain competence from this stage. in school, comparing themself to others

Question 58

adolescence (Erikson)

Answer 58

Erik Erikson stage 5. Identity vs. Role Confusion. 12-18 yrs old. Will gain fidelity, faithfulness from this stage. Who am I, how do I fit in?

Question 59

young adulthood stage

Answer 59

Erik Erikson stage 6. Intimacy vs. Isolation. 18-35 yrs old. Will gain love from this stage.

Question 60

middle adulthood stage

Answer 60

Erik Erikson stage 7. Generativity vs. Stagnation. 35-64 yrs old. Giving to the next generation or stagnating. will gain care from this stage

Question 61

late adulthood stage (Erikson)

Answer 61

Erik Erikson stage 8. Ego integrity vs. despair. 65+. Will gain wisdom from this stage. will either feel happy about their lives or despair

Question 62

Sociocultural theory

Answer 62

Karen Horney's theory. Neurosis is how people cope and have | control over interpersonal issues that happen day to day, according to Horney.

Question 63

Basis of basic anxiety

Answer 63

Horney. Isolation and feeling helpless

Question 64

3 strivings that make up basic conflict in life

Answer 64

Horney. Toward people, away from people, against people

Question 65

Moving toward people

Answer 65

Horney. Compliant type. Overly agreeable. 1. The need for affection and approval; pleasing others and being liked by them. 2. The need for a partner; one whom they can love and who will solve all problems.

Question 66

Moving against people

Answer 66

Horney. Aggressive Type. The need for power; the ability to bend wills and achieve control over others—while most persons seek strength, the neurotic may be desperate for it. 4. The need to exploit others; to get the better of them. To become manipulative, fostering the belief that people are there simply to be used. 5. The need for social recognition; prestige and limelight. 6. The need for personal admiration; for both inner and outer qualities—to be valued. 7. The need for personal achievement; though virtually all persons wish to make achievements, as with No. 3, the neurotic may be desperate for achievement.

Question 67

Moving away from people

Answer 67

Horney. Detached type. Reluctant to open up to people. The need for self sufficiency and independence; while most desire some autonomy, the neurotic may simply wish to discard other individuals entirely. 9. The need for perfection; while many are driven to perfect their lives in the form of well being, the neurotic may display a fear of being slightly flawed. 10. Lastly, the need to restrict life practices to within narrow borders; to live as inconspicuous a life as possible.

Question 68

Neurotic competitiveness

Answer 68

Horney

Question 69

Hypercompetitiveness

Answer 69

Horney. Type of neurotic competitiveness. Hyper-competitveness is an indiscriminate need to win at all costs in order to feel superior. Personality correlates of hyper-competitiveness include: - distrust of others - low self-esteem - exhibitionism - narcissism-self centeredness - constant need for prestige, status, and power

Question 70

Competition Avoidance

Answer 70

Horney. Type of neurotic competitiveness. This is a need by individuals to check their ruthless ambition because of excessive fear of losing the affection and approval of others as a consequence of either being successful in competition with others or through failure in such competition. Personality correlates of competition avoidance - fear of success - fear of failure - self-handicaping - abnormal level of modesty - too conforming to others' expectations

Question 71

Idealized Self

Answer 71

Horney. An image neurotics create as a defense. An idealized version of yourself that can never be attained. Creates tyranny of the shoulds.

Question 72

Actual Self

Answer 72

Horney. Self as it is in the moment. Person's actual strengths and weaknesses

Question 73

Real Self

Answer 73

Horney. unique set of potentials for constructive growth within each person. Healthy person will have this.

Question 74

Tyranny of the Shoulds

Answer 74

Horney. moral imperatives that drive neurotics to accept nothing less than perfection from themselves, coming from comparison of actual self to idealized self.

Question 75

Psychoanalytic Theory

Answer 75

Freud's theory. Freud believed instincts drive our personality, which are rooted in the unconscious. Biological based theory

Question 76

Freud's personality theory focuses on

Answer 76

Id, which is biological

Question 77

Repression

Answer 77

Freud defense mechanism. unpleasant memories are situated in the unconscious, out of reach from consciousness and causing pain.

Question 78

Denial

Answer 78

Freud defense mechanism. A person's refusal to perceive an unpleasant event in external reality.

Question 79

Projection

Answer 79

Freud defense mechanism. attribution of undesirable, personal characteristics to others to ward off anxiety

Question 80

Rationalization

Answer 80

Freud defense mechanism. use of plausible, but inaccurate excuses to relieve anxiety.

Question 81

Suppression

Answer 81

Freud defense mechanism. the individual's active conscious attempt to stop anxiety provoking thoughts by simply not thinking about them.

Question 82

Freud conscious

Answer 82

ideas and sensations of which we are aware. It operates | on the surface of personality and plays a relatively small role in human personality.

Question 83

Preconscious

Answer 83

Freud. contains those experiences that are unconscious but that could become conscious with little effort.

Question 84

Freud unconscious

Answer 84

operates on the deepest level of personality. It consists of those experiences and memories of which we are not aware. Such mental states remain out of awareness because making them conscious would create tremendous pain and anxiety for us.

Question 85

Components of instinct

Answer 85

Freud. Instincts have four basic characteristics. - a source in some bodily deficit - an aim gratification of the need - an impetus that propels the person to act - an object through which the instinct achieves its aim.

Question 86

Freud Id

Answer 86

the original aspect of personality, rooted in the biology of the individual, consists of unconscious SEXUAL AND AGGRESSIVE instincts. The id is amoral and unconcerned with the niceties and conventions of society. The PLEASURE PRINCIPAL is indiscriminate seeking of pleasure and the avoidance of pain.

Question 87

Freud ego

Answer 87

organized aspect of id, formed to provide realistic direction for the person's impulses. Ego defense mechanisms are procedures to reduce or remove painful anxiety. - Interacts with environment. Regulates Id and super ego

Question 88

Freud super ego

Answer 88

the agency which describes the individuals internalization of societal values. Conscience is the punitive aspect of the superego, violation makes the person feel guilty and ashamed.

Question 89

Psychosexual development

Answer 89

Freud's theory of development

Question 90

Oral phase, Freud

Answer 90

0-1 years. Practically all id. Cannot distinguish between the self and the environment. Focus of pleasurable sensations in the mouth. Child may become fixated on this stage if parents overindulge or underindulge the child's need for food. As an adult could be alcoholic

Question 91

Anal stage, Freud

Answer 91

2-3 years. Pleasurable sensation focused on anal cavity. Ego develops. Child realizes they can say "no" to things, control things. All about toilet training. If parents are too harsh and demanding the child may develop traits of defiance, obstinacy and stinginess, overly orderly OCD

Question 92

Phallic Stage, Freud

Answer 92

4-5 yrs. Oedipal and electra complex. Outcome of conflict is birth of superego. If fixated here will have to continually prove sexual adequacy.

Question 93

Latency stage, Freud

Answer 93

6-12 years old. Sexual development is at a standstill. Believed personality is developed in first 5 years of life and changing it after that is extremely difficult. Learn social skills in school.

Question 94

Genital stage, Freud

Answer 94

12+ years. final stage of psychosexual development in which an attempt is made to conduct a mature love relationship with a member of the opposite sex. GENITAL CHARACTER s a mature, healthy individual who is sexually developed and capable of relating to members of the opposite sex.

Question 95

Displacement

Answer 95

Freud defense mechanism. unconscious attempt to gratify an id impulse by shifting to a substitute object. For example if a student is bullied, they may bully someone else to gratify their urge to fight back against the bully and they bully a weaker student because their bully is too strong for them to attack.

Question 96

Sublimation

Answer 96

Freud defense mechanism. form of displacement where the unacceptable id impulses are transformed into something socially acceptable, rather than just transforming the object. Can sublimate need for aggression to becoming a great athlete to achieve need for dominating others. Freud believed sublimation was necessary for civilized society to survive.

Question 97

Regression

Answer 97

Freud defense mechanism. an individual exhibits lower maturity than their normal level of maturity. Child might suck their thumb

Question 98

Reaction formation

Answer 98

Freud defense mechanism. conversion of an undesirable impulse into its opposite. A man who hates his wife but is extremely nice to her "killing her with kindness"

Question 99

Intellectualization

Answer 99

Freud defense mechanism. dissociation between one's thoughts and feelings. Focusing on facts and logic rather than your feelings

Question 100

Analytic Psychology

Answer 100

Carl Jung's theory. depth psychology which emphasizes the complex interplay between oppositional forces within the PSYCHE and the ways in which these internal conflicts affect personality development.

Question 101

Psyche

Answer 101

Jung. total personality

Question 102

PERSONA

Answer 102

Jung. the role human beings play in order to meet the demands of others.

Question 103

SHADOW

Answer 103

Jung. the inferior, evil, and repulsive side of human nature.

Question 104

ANIMA

Answer 104

Jung. feminine archetype in men, including both positive and negative characteristics of the transpersonal female.

Question 105

Animus

Answer 105

Jung. masculine archetype in women, including both positive and negative characteristics of the transpersonal male.

Question 106

Personal vs. collective unconscious

Answer 106

personal unconscious is our personal memories that are too painful to remember. collective unconscious is instincts that go beyond personal experience, from all of human history. archetypes are in collective unconscious

Question 107

Individuation, Jung

Answer 107

2nd half of life is about becoming the best you, you can be

Question 108

TYPOLOGY

Answer 108

Jung. Introversion and extroversion, how people respond to the world.

Question 109

Jung's path to growth

Answer 109

shining light on unconscious

Question 110

Complexes

Answer 110

Jung. Collection of thoughts united by a feeling mother complex

Question 111

Principle of equivalence

Answer 111

Jung. idea that energy expended in one part of the psyche will be compensated for by an equal amount of energy in the same or different form in another part of the psyche.

Question 112

Mandala

Answer 112

Jung. a symbolic representation of the self, multifaceted, balanced. harmonious.