Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

CMN 102 > Midterm > Flashcards

Midterm Flashcards

(100 cards)

Start Studying
1
Q

What are the 7 errors & biases in human inquiry?

A

1) inaccuracy
2) overgeneralization
3) selective observation
4) Ex post facto hypothesis
5) ego
6) premature closure of inquiry
7) mystification

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

How do you guard against -

1) inaccuracy
2) overgeneralization
3) selective observation
4) Ex post facto hypothesis
5) ego
6) premature closure of inquiry
7) mystification

A

1) developing systematic procedures
2) through repetition
3) random sampling observation
4) formal decision-making rules that’s tested statistically
5) listen
6) assume never done
7) mystification in social sci. Always an error

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Theory:

A

-conceptual representation/explanations of phenomenon

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

(T/F) Are all theories abstracts and are symbolic representation of phenomenon?

A

True

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Variable:

A

Feature of class of objects which can vary

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Attributes:

A

Qualities which compose variable

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Speed - 180 mph in 60 sec

Which is the variable, what are attributes?

A

Variable - speed

Attributes - 180, 60 sec

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What does it mean when 2 variables have a correlation?

A

That there’s a relationship

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What does construct in regards to a variable mean?

A

Variable that can’t be observed, has to be measured

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Axioms (in regards to theory):

A

Take for granted to be true

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Propositions (in regards to theory):

A

Theoretical/abstract statements of theory

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

How do we - operationalize a theory that is construct?

A

-since can’t be physically seen we need to measure it

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q
  • Ex: of construct variable -
A

Intelligence

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What are the characteristics of a good theory (3)?

A

1) generality
2) accuracy
3) parsimony (simplicity)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Theory - Observation

(—— to ——)

Deductive to traditional is -

Inductive to no traditional is -

A

Theory to observation

Observation to theory

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Proposition (r.e. Variables) -

A
  • cause and effect from one variable to the other
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What is observation -

A

That data itself

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Empirical research methods -

A

What we find, generalize data, if try how can we connect to theory

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What are the ethics of social research (3) -

A

1) participant should be voluntary
2) no harm to participant
3) informed consent

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Anonymity (in social research):

A
  • Answers can’t be traced back to respondent, readers can’t identify response w/ respondent at all
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Confidentiality (in social research):

A

-can identify person w/ response but promises they won’t do it publicly

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Which groups can’t be “voluntary”?

A

Children, prisoners, elderly

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What is deception and debriefing?

A

Deceive - “lying”, have to tell white lie to some extent

Debrief - provide statement/explain research

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What is the IRB and what is it’s purpose?

A

IRB = Institutional Review Board

  • Makes sure about participants safety
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Can IRB make mistakes? If so, why?
Yes, because made up of panel who are human
26
Is there bias in politics of social research? Why?
- Yes, no codes in politics to abide to
27
How can causal occur?
1) Correlation 2) Time sequence 3) Make sure no 3rd variable effects
28
Deterministic explanation and Ex:
-Assumed that conditions hold particular outcome Ex: A,B,C —> D (100%) Ex: Grapefruit, drop, on earth —> fall
29
Do scholars think that causality is against notion of “free will”?
Yes, scholars like to think we have a choice
30
Weak determinism and Ex:
- probabilistic causal model Ex: A,B,C maybe D (p > 0%, 100%)
31
Nomothetic (r.e. “N” as #):
-explain thing in terms of reasonable # of variables
32
Idiographic explanation:
-focus on forces of phenomenon
33
Social movement using nomothetic and ideographic -
Nomothetic - what are social economic variables Ideographic - in-depth analysis of social movement
34
Temporal rule order:
Cause MUST precede (lead to) effect
35
Correlation:
Two variables must be empirically related
36
According to a theory - If “c” = “y” ?
No, never fully explain variable but can be useful
37
Summary: Wallace’s Model of Science -
Theory —> Hypothesis —> ^ Observation | Empirical generalization
38
Inductive theory construction -
a) grounded theory: theory from data | b) inductive theory and field research
39
(T/F) Is this an axiom? “Similarities between persons reduce uncertainty, while dissimilarities produce increases uncertainty”
True
40
(T/F) is this an Ex: of proposition? “Amount of communication and intimacy level of communication are positively related?” If so, why?
True, it states the relation
41
What are “units of analysis”?
-what or who is being studied?
42
What are “units of observation”?
- Unit for which data will be collected
43
What is the difference between “unit of analysis” and “unit of observation”?
-Analysis - who or what being studied Ex: looking at networks - because that’s what we’re studying -Observation - unit for which data will be collected Ex: amount of time of news coverage
44
In - “A couple who is getting a questionnaire on marriage” What is thru it of analysis and what is observation?
Analysis - couple Observation - score
45
What is the ecology fallacy and Ex:
-not every individual fits analysis of individual Ex: study - SF liberal than LA, meet someone from SF and ASSUME they’re liberal
46
Risqué:
-pushing boundaries of that point in time
47
Cross- sectional research -
Looking at one section/point in time
48
Longitudinal research -
-researching over time
49
Cohort study -
- investigations of specific subpopulations (groups, cohorts) over time
50
(T/F) Cohort - “Researching kids, age 5 ever 20 years, not the same kids though” Why?
Yes, because born in the same time frame
51
Trend studies and Ex:
- Anything that unfolds over time | - Artifacts, collected at one point in time then compare at different point in time
52
Panel study -
Look at SAME group of people
53
In a cohort study are they the same individuals? In a panel study are they the same individuals?
No Yes
54
Why do we use multi-method research?
-Because each method has its strengths and weaknesses
55
Define: Fieldwork research and (2) tools and priority -
- going out into the world 1) observation 2) interviewing Priority- naturalism
56
Define: Unobtrusive research and tool and priority
-analyst Tool- archival materials Priority - non-reactivity (researcher causes no reaction)
57
Define: experimental research and tool and priority -
- Manipulating variables Tool: experiment manipulating/control Priority - causal explication
58
4 potential goals of inquiry -
1) naturalism 2) nonreactivity 3) generalizability 4) causal explication
59
What does “combining methods” mean?
-combining 2 methods at the same time
60
Conceptualization:
-cognitive process of giving meaning to things; concepts are building blocks
61
Conception and Ex:
-images we have in our head Ex: prof. describing child - we visualize
62
Concept and Ex:
Term we use to represent image Ex: based off a pic
63
Ex: of — 1) Directly observable 2) Indirect observation 3) constructs (theoretical creations)
1) mark on Scantron 2) saw that “e” erased - possibility 3) Does not exist
64
Real definition and Ex:
-true meaning of something Ex: blood and its components
65
Nominal definition and Ex:
-“working term”, what it works for us Ex: “academic motivation”
66
Operational definition and Ex:
- specific statement how measured Ex: checklist of objects
67
In Conceptualization — What is Ex: of “dimension”?
Ex: loneliness- different dimensions, social and emotional
68
I’m conceptualization — What is Ex: of “indicators”?
-presence/absence of something
69
Nominal and Ex:
that doesn’t rank in any particular way; random Ex: # on soccer players
70
Ordinal and Ex:
Ranking by property Ex: highest to lowest
71
Interval and Ex:
Distance between matters Ex: Fahrenheit
72
Is research — “Very good” “good” “bad” “very bad” Ex: of interval? Why?
No, because don’t know space w/in - abstract
73
Ratio and Ex:
-Adding that there’s a “true zero point” Ex: speed
74
Reliability:
-“repeatedly”
75
What should “Test-retest method” be?
Consistent
76
What should “Parallel alternative forms reliability” be?
-2 measures should be equivalent (not identical)
77
Validity:
-how valid is the measure that were measuring
78
Describe the characteristics of sampling -
- generalize | - causation and correlation
79
Why sample?
-to access small group but make generalization about larger population
80
(Theoretical) population -
Made up group that you’re going to access
81
Statistic:
Summary/mean (average) of population
82
Parameter:
Estimate of variable IN the population
83
Sampling error:
-from sample stating that there’s some error, can’t fully know
84
Sampling theory:
How close we can be
85
Non-probability sampling -
-sample not chosen at random
86
Thurstone scale -
- format for generating groups of indicators of a variable, w/ at least empirical structure among them
87
Likert scale (remember “like”) Ex:
- “strongly agree” “agree” “disagree” “strongly disagree” and scoring each response type
88
Semantic differential and Ex:
- respondents choose between 2 opposite positions Ex: very kinda neither kinda very Enjoyable. Unenjoyable
89
Guttman scaling -
-measure used to summarize several discrete observations and represent some more general variable
90
Quota sampling -
-units are selected in basis of prespecified characteristics, will same same distribution
91
Disparate purposeful sampling and Ex:
Examine extreme cases Ex: best case/worst case
92
Typical case(s) sampling -
Cases selected for study based on judgment of representatives
93
Critical case sampling -
- “so goes the nation”
94
Snowball sampling -
Population identified - think of HIV
95
What is the main difference between probability and non probability?
Random
96
Systematic sampling (think of “system”) and Ex -
-selection random but NOT independent Ex: every 5th person
97
Stratified sampling and Ex:
-random of strata (subgroups) Ex: freshman, sophomores, juniors , seniors
98
Cluster sampling and Ex:
- “naturally occurring cluster of groups” Ex: our classroom vs the one across
99
Ex : r = .08 What does “r” mean? & what are findings?
“r” = correlation coefficient Both variables have a high cause and effect correlation
100
Match - 1) fieldwork 2) unobtrusive measurement 3) survey research 4) experimental research A) nonreactivity B) causal explication C) generalization D) naturalism
1) Naturalism 2) nonreactivity 3) generalizability 4) causal explication

CMN 102 (1 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions