MIDTERM Flashcards
(33 cards)
What are the three most common characteristics of bilingual education?
1: Continued development of L1;
2: Acquisition of L2;
3: Instruction in content areas in L1 and L2
Explain the phrase “demographic imperative” and how it has impacted schools across the country.
Sudden population changes. Impacted (1) types of services that need to be provided to students, (2) lack of qualified personnel…
Why is it not appropriate to regard language minority students as one homogeneous group?
Because they’re not one homogeneous group. They come from a variety of language backgrounds, cultures, etc. They all have different needs. They all possess varying degrees of target and native language proficiency
What factors in the student’s family background are important for understanding the needs of language minority students?
Family background factors can be related to: (a) SES, (b) culture, (c) cultural differences, (d) schooling experiences, (e) previous experiences, etc…
In what ways can a language minority student’s previous schooling experiences impact his/her adjustment to school?
Prior schooling experiences can impact both negatively and positively. Negatively, students come to the classroom with a pre-set idea of how schooling should be like, their role and their teachers roles in the classroom, etc., that may or may not make it difficult for them to adapt to the new situation. On the other hand, prior schooling experiences in the L1 can provide the necessary foundation for these students’ learning in the L2 (remember transfer?)
Describe three of the linguistic challenges faced by language minority students.
Differences in literacy traditions and expectations in L1 and L2; BICS v. CALP; Language variation in the L1 and L2; Various levels of proficiency in L1 and L2; L1 language loss
What are three of the academic challenges a language minority student faces in U.S. schools?
Children tend to fall behind academically: disconnection between what they actually need to learn and what some think they need to learn; low expectations from others (e.g., school personnel); negative attitudes towards them
Describe two of the arguments against bilingual education.
Immigrants are not learning English; others have learned English without ever receiving instruction in English
What is the ‘English for the Children’ movement?
Measure put forward to make English the official language of the country and which was against bilingual education
Why was Arizona’s Proposition 106 so controversial for the bilingual education community?
It proposed that English, and ONLY English, would be used in schools, state and local agencies, government-run offices, etc. As a result, L1 would’ve been banned from schools and other agencies. It was considered the ‘seed’ for Proposition 227 – ‘English for the Children’
What happened during the ‘Unz Era’?
Multiple initiatives to provide English-only instruction for language minority children. It was primarily built around myths and misconceptions:
Someone can learn a language in a year at the most
Bilingual education programs do not teach English
High dropout rates due to bilingual education
Parents oppose bilingual education
Describe the salient characteristics of the Civil Rights Act of 1964?
No local, state can deny educational opportunities to children on the basis of race, color, sex, or national origin.
What are the Lau Remedies?
Lau Remedies helped to set the ground for:
identifying language minority students;
assessing their L2 proficiency;
Determining appropriate treatments;
Determine when students needed to be mainstreamed;
Setting the standards that schools systems and teacher preparation programs would need to abide by to comply with the legal requirements; and
Accountability
Describe the three major shifts that have occurred in the educational provision for language minority students as a result of “No Child Left Behind” legislation?
All bilingual education terms in BEA were removed, no bilingual ed, more accountability, etc.
What does ‘OCR’ stand for?
Office of Civil Rights
Name the most salient event related to the schooling of language minority students that occurred in 1974.
Lau v. Nichols
Year when the Bilingual Education Act was initially passed on.
1968
First State to adopt a bilingual education law (German/English) back in 1839.
Ohio
Name and year of the proposition which made English the official language in California.
Proposition 63, 1986
Complete the three blank spaces in the excerpt from Proposition 227…
“The goal of Proposition 227 is to teach _______ to children in public schools as rapidly and effectively as possible. Most instruction would be in _______. English learners would be placed temporarily in a program called ________.”
English, English, Sheltered English immersion
Define cooperative learning.
Method used to structure a class in heterogeneous groups, to motivate students to work with and learn from others, etc.
Give two examples of what one could see in a passive classroom.
children seating in rows, complete silence, teacher as the sole transmitter of knowledge, no group work, etc.
Define accelerated learning.
Type of learning in which students are involved in cognitively complex activities. Usually associated with advanced placement classrooms. Should be the target in all classrooms.
Name four of the ways in which students can be grouped for cooperative learning.
Students can be grouped by: gender, ethnicity, language proficiency, interests, academic achievement, etc.
