Midterm

Question 1

Gender identity:

Answer 1

Ones self perception as a man/woman

Question 2

Gender roles:

Answer 2

Positions in society

Question 3

Androgyny -

Answer 3

Being masculine and feminine (psychological level)

Question 4

Tentative language:

Answer 4

Use of language that demonstrates lack of confidence/uncertainty

Question 5

Types of Tentative Language (5) -

Answer 5

1) Tag Qs
2) Hedges
3) Hesitations
4) Disclaimers
5) Polite forms

Question 6

Tag Qs:

Answer 6

De-intensify a statement

Question 7

Ex: of Tag Qs -

Answer 7

“The weather is nice, isn’t it?”

Question 8

Hedges:

Answer 8

Modify a statement

Question 9

Ex: of hedges -

Answer 9

“I guess, I sort of feel like pizza”

Question 10

Hesitations:

Answer 10

Vocalized pauses

Question 11

Ex: of hesitation -

Answer 11

“Yea…uh…I guess I had a great time.”

Question 12

Disclaimer:

Answer 12

Remove responsibility, truth value of statement

Question 13

Ex: of disclaimer -

Answer 13

“The midterm is today, isn’t it?”

Question 14

Polite forms -

Answer 14

Overly demonstrate courtesy

Question 15

Ex: of polite form -

Answer 15

“Would you mind helping me, if that’s not too much to ask”

Question 16

O’Barr’s Power of Style (tentative language) - summarize

Answer 16

• Researched status in courtroom
• higher position more assertive
• less position more tentative
• gender was not a function

Question 17

3 types of Tag Qs -

Answer 17

1) Uncertainty
2) Solidarity
3) Politeness

Question 18

Describe Tag Qs (Uncertainty, Solidarity, Politeness)

Answer 18

Uncertainty- used to confirm

Solidarity- encourage contribution, not look long for an answer just AN answer

Politeness- soften negative/direct statement

Question 19

What are minimal responses and back channels?

Answer 19

Feedback, utterances, shakes/nods

Question 20

Do minimal responses and back channels depend on gender? Why?

Answer 20

No, they depend if agreeing or disagreeing

Question 21

Functions of interruption-

Answer 21

Clarification, agreement, disagreement, subject change

Question 22

What do men/women display thru interruptions?

Answer 22

Men - dominance

Women - cooperation

Question 23

What are female linked language variables?

Answer 23

References to emotion

Question 24

What are male linked variables?

Answer 24

References to quantity/directives

Question 25

Topic management:

Answer 25

Continuing, maintaining, changing topics

Question 26

What are differences between men and women topics?

Answer 26

Men - job, women, sex Women - appearance, family relationships

Question 27

What do men/women pursue thru interaction goals?

Answer 27

Men - confrontational goals Women - communal goals

Question 28

Difference of success strategies among men/women? How do they obtain success?

Answer 28

Women - manipulation strategy; influence goals, emotional support Men - gaining permission from parents; direct/blunt strategy

Question 29

Dominance explanation:

Answer 29

Defines status differences in society

Question 30

Which gender seen more dominant? Does it carry out in language/behavior?

Answer 30

Men, yes it does

Question 31

Gender-as-culture explanation -

Answer 31

Defines culture differences in society

Question 32

Ex: of gender-as-culture explanation-

Answer 32

Men focus on competition Women focus on similarities

Question 33

Self- categorizing theory:

Answer 33

How people categorize themselves in moment, interacting w/ certain affiliation in mind

Question 34

Difference between interpersonal and intergroup?

Answer 34

Interpersonal -not group identity Intergroup - categorizing between man or women

Question 35

Social identity salience:

Answer 35

When categorize self as member of group, their social identity is salient

Question 36

Salient:

Answer 36

Gender is activated, operating

Question 37

What are the 3 factors to determine hat social identity will be salient? Define.

Answer 37

Accessibility - social category fits/matches Comparative - make comparisons between groups Normative - perceived comparisons between groups match stereotypes (expectations/norms)

Question 38

Social identity salience:

Answer 38

Being a group member, think/behave as prototypical member of group that’s salient

Question 39

What is tentative language?

Answer 39

Language that shows uncertainty

Question 40

Difference between gender schematic and non gender schematic? Example.

Answer 40

Schematic - when gender matches w/ femininity or masculinity Non schematic - opposite Ex: Schematic - low masculine/high feminine = female Non - high masculine/low feminine = female

Question 41

T/F - Women used more female linked language then men when gender was salient compared to when gender was not salient; only for gender schematic individuals

Answer 41

True

Question 42

Differences between intra- and inter- group?

Answer 42

Intra - woman to woman, man to man Inter - woman to man, man to woman

Question 43

___________ (tentative/direct) women were more influential w/ men. Why?

Answer 43

Tentative, men were unaware

Question 44

Carli, 1990 How were tentative speakers seen?

Answer 44

Less confident, unintelligent

Question 45

Overall conclusion of - Carli, 1990 (Tentative Speakers)

Answer 45

- Seen as unintelligent, yet tentative women were more influential towards men - Possible 3rd factor (e.g. attractiveness) - women more influenced by assertive women - women use tentative language strategically

Question 46

Women become more tentative, their influence in men will increase only when gender identity is salient. Why?

Answer 46

Men respond positively when women act like prototypical women

Question 47

(Salient, no salient) Tentative women more influential when gender ______ . Assertive women more influential when gender ______ .

Answer 47

Salient Not salient

Question 48

Biological theory:

Answer 48

States biological characteristics result for gender differences

Question 49

Estrogen:

Answer 49

Female hormone

Question 50

Men/women better development in _______ (left/right) lobe.

Answer 50

Men - left Women - right

Question 51

T/F Girls favor trucks over dolls if mothers high level of testosterone during pregnancy?

Answer 51

True

Question 52

Psychodynamic theories:

Answer 52

1st relationship influences how we define identity and gender

Question 53

Social learning theory:

Answer 53

Individuals learn to be masculine/feminine by imitating others, getting responses (rewards) from others

Question 54

Cognitive development theory:

Answer 54

Children play active roles in developing gender identities -pick models

Question 55

Gender constancy:

Answer 55

Persons understanding that he/she is male/female

Question 56

Gender schematic theory:

Answer 56

Infant recognized make/female faces and voices

Question 57

Gender schematic:

Answer 57

Internal mental framework organizes perceptions related to gender

Question 58

Symbolic interactionism:

Answer 58

States they communication w/ others we meant who we are

Question 59

Standpoint theory:

Answer 59

Societies made up of different groups, have different amounts of power/privilege

Question 60

T/F Social location doesn’t determine standpoint. Why?

Answer 60

True, learned thru critical reflection if power relations

Question 61

Performative theory:

Answer 61

Humans enervate identities, gender, they performance/expression

Question 62

2 ways which language organizes perception -

Answer 62

1) stereotyping men and women | 2) encouraging polarized perception of sex/gender