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Biology of invertebrates > Midterm > Flashcards

Midterm Flashcards

1
Q

What percentage of invertebrate phyla are entirely marine?

A

50%, the rest are primarily marine

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2
Q

What 7 things must be regulated in the ocean?

A

Concentration of energy rich molecules, concentration of O2 and CO2, concentration of waste products, pH, concentration of water salt and other electrolytes, volume and pressure, and temperature and behavior

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3
Q

Terrestrial vs marine body wall

A

T- must be thick and sturdy to prevent dessication

M- can be thin

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4
Q

Terrestrial vs marine gas exchange

A

T- internal respiratory structures

M- can have naked external gills

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5
Q

Terrestrial vs marine excretion

A

T- concentrate excreta

M- diffuse excreta

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6
Q

Terrestrial vs marine nutrition

A

T- Gotta go find it!

M- Float around and soak it up

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7
Q

Terrestrial vs marine fertilization

A

T- Copulation

M- broadcast spawning

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8
Q

Terrestrial vs marine eggs

A

T- heavily provisioned, impermeable shells, get nutrition from yolk
M- Lightly provisioned, permeable shells, get nutrition from plankton

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9
Q

Terrestrial vs marine larvae

A

T- Crawl away

M- planktonic veliger

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10
Q

Terrestrial vs marine sunlight

A

T- mostly photic zone

M- large aphotic zone

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11
Q

Terrestrial vs marine bioluminescence

A

T- rare

M- common

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12
Q

Terrestrial vs marine respiration

A

T- breathe air

M- find or move oxygenated water

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13
Q

Terrestrial vs marine synthesis

A

T- regular photosynthesis

M- photo- and chemosynthesis

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14
Q

Terrestrial vs marine skeleton

A

T- required

M- optional

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15
Q

Terrestrial vs marine feeding strategies

A

T- stalk and kill

M- hide and wait

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16
Q

Terrestrial vs marine movement

A

T- low drag

M- high drag

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17
Q

Terrestrial vs marine thermal variability

A

T- high

M- low

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18
Q

Terrestrial vs marine climate change stress

A

T- temperature affected

M- temperature and pH affected

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19
Q

Terrestrial vs marine chemical and pollutant stress

A

T- low unless aquatic or diet exposure

M- high

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20
Q

Terrestrial vs marine dispersal

A

T- mobile adults

M- mobile larvae

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21
Q

What is dissolved in water?

A

DOM- dissolved organic matter; amino acids, salts, and carbonate

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22
Q

Temp range for vital life processes

A

0-40 C

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23
Q

How do metabolic processes increase with temperature?

A

Metabolic processes increase by a factor of two for each 10 degree rise in temp

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24
Q

Equation for ocean acidification

A

CO2 + H2O H2CO3 H+ + HCO3 H+ CO3 2-

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25
Q

What 7 things happen as pH decreases?

A

Lower carbonate availability, lower rates of calcification, higher shell dissolution, lower metabolism, lower locomotion, higher predation, and altered trophic interactions

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26
Q

What 5 characteristics can be used to sort on the tree of life?

A

Number of cells, tissues present/absent, body symmetry, developmental plan, and evolutionary relationships

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27
Q

Metazoa

A

Multicellular, generally diploid, develop from a blastula

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28
Q

Cephalization

A

concentrating of nervous and sensory tissues at one end

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29
Q

Asymmetrical phyla

A

Porifora (but also some gastropods)

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30
Q

Radially symmetrical phyla

A

Radiata group: Cnidaria and Ctenophora

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31
Q

Bilaterally symmetrical group

A

Bilateria group: everyone from ctenophora on

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32
Q

No germ layers

A

porifora

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33
Q

Two germ layers

A

Diploblastic- radiata group

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34
Q

Three germ layers

A

Triploblastic- bilateria group

35
Q

What does the ectoderm develop into?

A

The outer covering of the organism and in some phyla, the CNS

36
Q

What does the endoderm develop into?

A

Lining of the developing digestive tube or archenteron, lining of the digestive tract and all organs derived from it

37
Q

What does the mesoderm become?

A

Only present in triploblasts, becomes muscles and most other organs between the archenteron and outer covering of the animal

38
Q

Coelum 6 functions

A

Fluid cushions organs, cavity allows organs to grow and move independently of the body wall, internal fluid distributes oxygen, nutrients, and hormones throughout body, allows evolution of larger body size, noncompressible fluid can act as hydrostatic skeleton, and gives muscles something to work against to allow movement

39
Q

Acoelomates

A

Flatworms, have no coelum

40
Q

Pseudocoelomates

A

Roundworms, have one continuous cavity like a coelum

41
Q

Eucoelomates

A

Everyone after the roundworms, have a coelum

42
Q

Who are the protostomes?

A

Mollusks, annelids, arthropods, flatworms, and roundworms

43
Q

Who are the deuterostomes?

A

Echinoderms and vertebrates

44
Q

Protostome development

A

Blastopore becomes mouth, determinate development, and spiral cleavage

45
Q

Deuterostome development

A

Blastopore becomes mouth, indeterminate development, and radial cleavage

46
Q

Taxonomy

A

naming organisms

47
Q

systematics

A

working out relationships among organisms

48
Q

Traditional view of systematics

A

relationships among taxa based on characters and assuming that phenotype reflects genotype

49
Q

clade

A

a group of organisms that share characteristics and presumable a common ancestor

50
Q

homology

A

morphological feature that shares a common evolutionary origin among taxa

51
Q

convergence

A

similar morphological features arise from separate origins

52
Q

5 types of asexual reproduction

A

binary fission, budding, producing many clones at once, producing clones within clones, and regeneration

53
Q

Weird sexual reproduction with copulation (4)

A

Cestodes (simultaneous hermaphrodites) self fertilize across body segments, sea hares (simultaneous hermaphrodites) cross fertilize with two other individuals in orgies, barnacles are simultaneous hermaphrodites with huge penises, and simultaneous hermaphrodite penis fighting worms use penis fencing for hypodermic impregnation

54
Q

Weird sexual reproduction without copulation (4)

A

Indirect sperm transfer, broadcast spawning, facultative switching between asexual and sexual, resting cysts that can be resurrected after a long time

55
Q

Protozoa

A

Heterotrophic protists

56
Q

Defining characteristics of protozoa (4)

A

Unicellular, eukaryotes, no collagen, no chitinous cell walls

57
Q

How do protozoa perform bodily functions with one cell?

A

Specialized organelles

58
Q

contractile vacule

A

expels excess water from cytoplasm

59
Q

trichocyst

A

Unknown function, capsules that discharge long filaments

60
Q

toxicyst

A

filaments containing paralyzing toxin

61
Q

Pellicle

A

the complex cell surface of protozoans

62
Q

Macronucleus

A

controls protozoan cell activities

63
Q

micronucleus

A

functions in protozoan genetic recombination

64
Q

Cilia

A

Found in phylum ciliophora, fast movement, can be used to sweep away waste and bring O2 to body surface

65
Q

Flagella

A

Found in phylum dinozoa, kinda fast

66
Q

Pseudopoda

A

found in amoebozoa, slow, also used to feed through phagocytosis and to drink using pinocytosis

67
Q

Encystment

A

Individual cells dedifferentiate, lose surface features, and secrete a covering to wait out bad environmental conditions

68
Q

Protozoan reproduction methods

A

budding, binary fission, schizogony, sexual reproduction, and encystment

69
Q

Phylum Ciliophora defining characteristics

A

macro and micronucleus, ciliated, divides through binary fission, feeds with cytostome, and can be free-living, commensal, or parasitic

70
Q

Phylum Dinozoa defining characteristics

A

Can be free-living, commensal, or parasitic, 2 unequal flagella, membrane covering cells reinforced by plates (theca) secreted by alveolar sacs, 60% have chloroplasts, sometimes bioluminsecent or toxic

71
Q

Phylum Apicomplexa defining characteristics

A

All parasitic, apical complex in infective stage, can alter host behavior i.e. toxoplasmosis gondii

72
Q

Group Alveolata contains phyla…

A

Ciliophora, Dinozoa, and Apicomplexa

73
Q

Group Amoebozoa defining characteristics

A

mostly free-living, a free parasites, pseudopoda, no pellicle, sometimes have flagella in sexual stages, some use cysts to transmit

74
Q

2 Porifora evolutionary hypotheses

A
  1. Multinucleated ciliate became compartmentalized

2. Cells on colonial flagellate became specialized

75
Q

Defining characteristics of Porifora

A

Sessile, porous, asymmetrical, filter feeders, no germ layers, no nervous system, and no coordinated behavior

76
Q

How does water travel through a sponge?

A

Water flows in through tiny pores called ostia and is moved by flagellated choanocyte cells through the sponge and out a large opening called the osculum

77
Q

Spicules

A

Calcified structures in sponges fro protection and structural support

78
Q

Asconoid

A

Flagellated spongocoel

79
Q

Syconoid

A

flagellated canas

80
Q

Leuconoid

A

flagellated chambers

81
Q

How can sponges reproduce?

A

Asexually by budding AND sexually by broadcast spawning to create a free living larva that settles to form new sponge

82
Q

Phylum Porifora contains 4 classes…

A

Calcaria (calcareous sponges), class demospongia (most sponges), class hexactinellida (glass sponges), and class homosileramorpha

83
Q

Phylum Cnidaria defining characteristics

A

Almost entirely marine, eumetazoa (has tissue in the form of nerves and muscle), cnidae, radial symmetry, diploblastic, mesoglea, tentacles around mouth, only one opening to gastrovascular cavity, alternates from polyp to medusa

84
Q

Mesoglea

A

Gelatinous layer between epidermis and gastrodermis

Biology of invertebrates (1 decks)

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