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Biology of invertebrates > Midterm > Flashcards

Midterm Flashcards

(84 cards)

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1
Q

What percentage of invertebrate phyla are entirely marine?

A

50%, the rest are primarily marine

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2
Q

What 7 things must be regulated in the ocean?

A

Concentration of energy rich molecules, concentration of O2 and CO2, concentration of waste products, pH, concentration of water salt and other electrolytes, volume and pressure, and temperature and behavior

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3
Q

Terrestrial vs marine body wall

A

T- must be thick and sturdy to prevent dessication

M- can be thin

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4
Q

Terrestrial vs marine gas exchange

A

T- internal respiratory structures

M- can have naked external gills

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5
Q

Terrestrial vs marine excretion

A

T- concentrate excreta

M- diffuse excreta

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6
Q

Terrestrial vs marine nutrition

A

T- Gotta go find it!

M- Float around and soak it up

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7
Q

Terrestrial vs marine fertilization

A

T- Copulation

M- broadcast spawning

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8
Q

Terrestrial vs marine eggs

A

T- heavily provisioned, impermeable shells, get nutrition from yolk
M- Lightly provisioned, permeable shells, get nutrition from plankton

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9
Q

Terrestrial vs marine larvae

A

T- Crawl away

M- planktonic veliger

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10
Q

Terrestrial vs marine sunlight

A

T- mostly photic zone

M- large aphotic zone

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11
Q

Terrestrial vs marine bioluminescence

A

T- rare

M- common

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12
Q

Terrestrial vs marine respiration

A

T- breathe air

M- find or move oxygenated water

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13
Q

Terrestrial vs marine synthesis

A

T- regular photosynthesis

M- photo- and chemosynthesis

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14
Q

Terrestrial vs marine skeleton

A

T- required

M- optional

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15
Q

Terrestrial vs marine feeding strategies

A

T- stalk and kill

M- hide and wait

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16
Q

Terrestrial vs marine movement

A

T- low drag

M- high drag

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17
Q

Terrestrial vs marine thermal variability

A

T- high

M- low

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18
Q

Terrestrial vs marine climate change stress

A

T- temperature affected

M- temperature and pH affected

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19
Q

Terrestrial vs marine chemical and pollutant stress

A

T- low unless aquatic or diet exposure

M- high

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20
Q

Terrestrial vs marine dispersal

A

T- mobile adults

M- mobile larvae

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21
Q

What is dissolved in water?

A

DOM- dissolved organic matter; amino acids, salts, and carbonate

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22
Q

Temp range for vital life processes

A

0-40 C

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23
Q

How do metabolic processes increase with temperature?

A

Metabolic processes increase by a factor of two for each 10 degree rise in temp

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24
Q

Equation for ocean acidification

A

CO2 + H2O H2CO3 H+ + HCO3 H+ CO3 2-

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25
What 7 things happen as pH decreases?
Lower carbonate availability, lower rates of calcification, higher shell dissolution, lower metabolism, lower locomotion, higher predation, and altered trophic interactions
26
What 5 characteristics can be used to sort on the tree of life?
Number of cells, tissues present/absent, body symmetry, developmental plan, and evolutionary relationships
27
Metazoa
Multicellular, generally diploid, develop from a blastula
28
Cephalization
concentrating of nervous and sensory tissues at one end
29
Asymmetrical phyla
Porifora (but also some gastropods)
30
Radially symmetrical phyla
Radiata group: Cnidaria and Ctenophora
31
Bilaterally symmetrical group
Bilateria group: everyone from ctenophora on
32
No germ layers
porifora
33
Two germ layers
Diploblastic- radiata group
34
Three germ layers
Triploblastic- bilateria group
35
What does the ectoderm develop into?
The outer covering of the organism and in some phyla, the CNS
36
What does the endoderm develop into?
Lining of the developing digestive tube or archenteron, lining of the digestive tract and all organs derived from it
37
What does the mesoderm become?
Only present in triploblasts, becomes muscles and most other organs between the archenteron and outer covering of the animal
38
Coelum 6 functions
Fluid cushions organs, cavity allows organs to grow and move independently of the body wall, internal fluid distributes oxygen, nutrients, and hormones throughout body, allows evolution of larger body size, noncompressible fluid can act as hydrostatic skeleton, and gives muscles something to work against to allow movement
39
Acoelomates
Flatworms, have no coelum
40
Pseudocoelomates
Roundworms, have one continuous cavity like a coelum
41
Eucoelomates
Everyone after the roundworms, have a coelum
42
Who are the protostomes?
Mollusks, annelids, arthropods, flatworms, and roundworms
43
Who are the deuterostomes?
Echinoderms and vertebrates
44
Protostome development
Blastopore becomes mouth, determinate development, and spiral cleavage
45
Deuterostome development
Blastopore becomes mouth, indeterminate development, and radial cleavage
46
Taxonomy
naming organisms
47
systematics
working out relationships among organisms
48
Traditional view of systematics
relationships among taxa based on characters and assuming that phenotype reflects genotype
49
clade
a group of organisms that share characteristics and presumable a common ancestor
50
homology
morphological feature that shares a common evolutionary origin among taxa
51
convergence
similar morphological features arise from separate origins
52
5 types of asexual reproduction
binary fission, budding, producing many clones at once, producing clones within clones, and regeneration
53
Weird sexual reproduction with copulation (4)
Cestodes (simultaneous hermaphrodites) self fertilize across body segments, sea hares (simultaneous hermaphrodites) cross fertilize with two other individuals in orgies, barnacles are simultaneous hermaphrodites with huge penises, and simultaneous hermaphrodite penis fighting worms use penis fencing for hypodermic impregnation
54
Weird sexual reproduction without copulation (4)
Indirect sperm transfer, broadcast spawning, facultative switching between asexual and sexual, resting cysts that can be resurrected after a long time
55
Protozoa
Heterotrophic protists
56
Defining characteristics of protozoa (4)
Unicellular, eukaryotes, no collagen, no chitinous cell walls
57
How do protozoa perform bodily functions with one cell?
Specialized organelles
58
contractile vacule
expels excess water from cytoplasm
59
trichocyst
Unknown function, capsules that discharge long filaments
60
toxicyst
filaments containing paralyzing toxin
61
Pellicle
the complex cell surface of protozoans
62
Macronucleus
controls protozoan cell activities
63
micronucleus
functions in protozoan genetic recombination
64
Cilia
Found in phylum ciliophora, fast movement, can be used to sweep away waste and bring O2 to body surface
65
Flagella
Found in phylum dinozoa, kinda fast
66
Pseudopoda
found in amoebozoa, slow, also used to feed through phagocytosis and to drink using pinocytosis
67
Encystment
Individual cells dedifferentiate, lose surface features, and secrete a covering to wait out bad environmental conditions
68
Protozoan reproduction methods
budding, binary fission, schizogony, sexual reproduction, and encystment
69
Phylum Ciliophora defining characteristics
macro and micronucleus, ciliated, divides through binary fission, feeds with cytostome, and can be free-living, commensal, or parasitic
70
Phylum Dinozoa defining characteristics
Can be free-living, commensal, or parasitic, 2 unequal flagella, membrane covering cells reinforced by plates (theca) secreted by alveolar sacs, 60% have chloroplasts, sometimes bioluminsecent or toxic
71
Phylum Apicomplexa defining characteristics
All parasitic, apical complex in infective stage, can alter host behavior i.e. toxoplasmosis gondii
72
Group Alveolata contains phyla...
Ciliophora, Dinozoa, and Apicomplexa
73
Group Amoebozoa defining characteristics
mostly free-living, a free parasites, pseudopoda, no pellicle, sometimes have flagella in sexual stages, some use cysts to transmit
74
2 Porifora evolutionary hypotheses
1. Multinucleated ciliate became compartmentalized | 2. Cells on colonial flagellate became specialized
75
Defining characteristics of Porifora
Sessile, porous, asymmetrical, filter feeders, no germ layers, no nervous system, and no coordinated behavior
76
How does water travel through a sponge?
Water flows in through tiny pores called ostia and is moved by flagellated choanocyte cells through the sponge and out a large opening called the osculum
77
Spicules
Calcified structures in sponges fro protection and structural support
78
Asconoid
Flagellated spongocoel
79
Syconoid
flagellated canas
80
Leuconoid
flagellated chambers
81
How can sponges reproduce?
Asexually by budding AND sexually by broadcast spawning to create a free living larva that settles to form new sponge
82
Phylum Porifora contains 4 classes...
Calcaria (calcareous sponges), class demospongia (most sponges), class hexactinellida (glass sponges), and class homosileramorpha
83
Phylum Cnidaria defining characteristics
Almost entirely marine, eumetazoa (has tissue in the form of nerves and muscle), cnidae, radial symmetry, diploblastic, mesoglea, tentacles around mouth, only one opening to gastrovascular cavity, alternates from polyp to medusa
84
Mesoglea
Gelatinous layer between epidermis and gastrodermis

Biology of invertebrates (1 decks)

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