midterm

Question 1

Who was a staunch advocate of thorough pre-manipulation evaluation and differential diagnosis of a patient to identify organic disease?

Answer 1

Mennel, DO

Question 2

Who developed “selective tissue tensioning”?

Answer 2

Cyriax

Question 3

A New Zealand physiotherapist who accidentally developed a slow, oscillatory extension technique named after himself?

Answer 3

McKenzie

Question 4

A PT who taught a style of manipulation that involved focusing on motion through individual joint planes imparting forces consistent with the biomechanics intent of the joint (arthrokinematics/osteokinematics)?

Answer 4

Kaltenborn

Question 5

A PT who developed a style of manipulation that was comprised of slow, oscillatory movements of joints in sequentially increasing arcs that created increasing levels of stress to the joint and surrounding tissue that was designed to be both diagnostic and therapeutic?

Answer 5

Maitland

Question 6

Who manipulation was rapid and forceful compared to other’s manipulation techniques?

Answer 6

DD palmer

Question 7

Who’s manipulation involved pumping type motions with long levers to facilitate circulation?

Answer 7

Andrew Taylor Still

Question 8

In the 1800s, who hypothesized that impaired neurologic and vascular supply to an organ would impair its function and eventually structure?

Answer 8

Riadore

Question 9

3 examples of people who practiced manipulation in the 1700’s?

Answer 9

Hunter, Hay and Harrison

Question 10

Who published a book on bone setting techniques in the 1800’s that helped manipulation regain status in medicine?

Answer 10

Wharton Hood

Question 11

Who introduced the term “manipulation” in place of bone setting?

Answer 11

Marsh and Fox

Question 12

A technique performed by physicians that used antigravity suspension with violent shaking of the body (condemned by Hippocrates)?

Answer 12

succussion

Question 13

When and where were the first references to manipulation?

Answer 13

Cave of Lascaux in France about 17000 years ago

Question 14

Application of thrust procedures through a joint in specified planes?

Answer 14

manipulation

Question 15

Passive movement of the joint to varying degrees without thrust?

Answer 15

mobilization

Question 16

The practice of reducing fractures and dislocations with no formalized training?

Answer 16

bone setting

Question 17

A procedure performed in a given clinical situation?

Answer 17

technique

Question 18

A complete adjustive package with unique health problem addressed, unique evaluation, unique intervention and unique explanation?

Answer 18

technique system

Question 19

The belief that the scientific method is the only source of genuine factual knowledge and that those that hold this belief are the only ones that can yield true knowledge?

Answer 19

scientism

Question 20

A claim, belief or practice presented as scientific but lacking adherence to valid scientific methods, supporting evidence or plausibility?

Answer 20

pseudoscience

Question 21

What is it called when all agree something is valid therefore it is valid?

Answer 21

Gold effect or “group think of one”

Question 22

What is an overly optimistic view called that only allows people to see those things that validate their argument?

Answer 22

valence effect

Question 23

Oversimplification for purposes of believability?

Answer 23

causal reductionism

Question 24

Who published the first chiropractic textbook called “Modernized Chiropractic” and in what year?

Answer 24

Langworthy, Smith and Paxon in 1906

Question 25

Which technique emphasizes HVLA, bilateral hand contacts and full-spine segmental approach?

Answer 25

diversified

Question 26

Which technique is the most rigorously and scientifically evaluated type of manipulation that incorporates procedures from a variety of sources?

Answer 26

diversified

Question 27

Most RCT's involving manipulation of the neck and low back use maneuvers from what technique?

Answer 27

diversified

Question 28

Who developed the activator technique?

Answer 28

Warren Lee and Arlan Fuhr

Question 29

Which system uses an instrument that imparts a rapid, very low amplitude, low force impulse?

Answer 29

activator

Question 30

System evaluation procedures of the activator system include what test?

Answer 30

Derefield test to check leg length

Question 31

What does a negative Derefield test mean?

Answer 31

when a short leg is determined that remains short during extension and flexion

Question 32

What does a positive Derefield test mean?

Answer 32

an other pattern than that seen with a negative Derefield test

Question 33

Who developed the Gonstead method?

Answer 33

Clarence Gonstead

Question 34

The technique that focuses on the primacy of the pelvis and lumbar spine as the foundation for spinal stability?

Answer 34

Gonstead

Question 35

Gonstead believed that misalignments in the spine and pelvis can cause what?

Answer 35

disc displacement

Question 36

What are some diagnostic methods of Gonstead?

Answer 36

orthoskeletal diagnostic methods "optimum posture" model a thermocouple (Go-scope or nervoscope) radiographic mensuration of spinal and pelvic positions

Question 37

The knee chest table and "cervical chair" are equipment used in which technique?

Answer 37

Gonstead

Question 38

Which technique uses a special table that stabilizes the patient's torso and allow flexion of the lower extremities that is coupled with specific cephalad spinal contact?

Answer 38

Cox flexion/distraction technique

Question 39

Which technique was initially believed to be returning ectopic nucleus pulposus back into the center of the disc?

Answer 39

Cox flexion/distraction technique

Question 40

Which technique uses a table with "Drop pieces" incorporated in the pelvic, thoracic and head compartments that with application of over-pressure with release and provide depth of thrust?

Answer 40

Thompson terminal point technique

Question 41

The system version of Thompson terminal point technique uses what diagnostic test that has faired poorly in scientific evaluation?

Answer 41

Derefield test

Question 42

Which technique system was developed by Major Bertrand DeJarnette who was a DC and enegineer?

Answer 42

SOT

Question 43

Category I in SOT deals with what?

Answer 43

the primary (CSF) respiratory mechanism between the sacrum and occiput

Question 44

Category II in SOT deals with what?

Answer 44

over-motion or instability of the SI joint causing a dysfunctional relationship between the tailbone and pelvis

Question 45

Category III in SOT deals with what?

Answer 45

greater severity of over motion or instability of the SI joint than category II

Question 46

Which system uses block wedges and rolls of various types to create sustained pressure and postural correction passively?

Answer 46

SOT

Question 47

In which system have reflex point been identified that are connected to various organs and organ systems?

Answer 47

SOT

Question 48

What system also evaluated cranio-meningial stress points as a part of evaluating the neurophysiological chain?

Answer 48

SOT

Question 49

Which system detects and treats visceral, somatic and neurological imbalances and problems via reflex point stimulation, soft tissue manipulation, joint manipulation, visceral manipulation and mechanical blocks on the spine, pelvis and SI joints?

Answer 49

SOT

Question 50

What technique system was developed in the 1960's by George Goodheart, DC?

Answer 50

applied kinesiology

Question 51

Which technique system is based on the belief that various muscles are linked to particular organs and glands and that specific muscle weakness can signals distant internal problems such as nerve damage, reduced blood supply, chemical imbalances or other organ/gland problems?

Answer 51

Applied kinesiology

Question 52

How are body imbalances primarily treated in applied kinesiology?

Answer 52

nutritional homeopathic herbal neuro-lymphatic point stimulation

Question 53

Which technique system utilizes surrogate testing?

Answer 53

Applied kinesiology

Question 54

Which technique system was created by Raymond Nimmo in the early 1950's based on the hypothesis that the cause of nervous system irritation could be the soft-tissues ("noxious generative points")?

Answer 54

NIMMO/receptor Tonus

Question 55

Nimmo's work paralleled the work of Travell but differed how?

Answer 55

in the explanation of why the noxious generative points existed as well as the treatment approach

Question 56

Describe the applied pressure/"noxious stimulus" in the NIMMO technique?

Answer 56

sufficient to reproduce pain but not maximize it | pressure is held for 5-7 seconds and then released

Question 57

What did NIMMO believe occurred when he applied "noxious stimulus"?

Answer 57

the neural reflex was reset | afferent and efferent feedback loops were normalized

Question 58

What technique was first described by Nephi Cottam, DC and William Sutherland, DO in the early 1900's?

Answer 58

Cranial work

Question 59

Which technique is based on the belief that misalignments in the skull interfere with nerve impulses to and from the brain, causing a decrease in the blood supply to and from the brain, causing slow/inapproriate responses, memory lapse, aggressive behavior and dementia?

Answer 59

cranial work

Question 60

Which technique's treatment consists of pressure over cranial sutures that is sustained and accompanied by specific breathing instructions?

Answer 60

cranial work

Question 61

The determination of thrust vector and force is based on radiographic analysis of C1 and C2 in which technique?

Answer 61

palmer upper cervical

Question 62

The object of which technique is to enable innate intelligence of the patient to perform its part in completing the adjustment?

Answer 62

palmer upper cervical

Question 63

The founder of which technique believed that the region of the sacrum, posterior pelvis and related joints were the primary source of all subluxations and that cure in this region would result in cure elsewhere?

Answer 63

Logan Basic

Question 64

The adjustment is which technique is accomplished by pressing the thumb into the gluteal cleft (laterally and moving cephalad over 10-15 seconds) at the intersection of the sacrospinous and sacrotuberous ligament, under which the pudendal nerve passes?

Answer 64

Logan Basic

Question 65

Evidence has shown that anesthetic blocking of the pudendal nerve can do what?

Answer 65

have a reflex effect in relaxing the musculature in the pelvis and low back

Question 66

Which technique system attempts to map the visceral connections made by each spinal nerve level to more clearly codify viscerosomatic and somatovisceral reflex connections?

Answer 66

meric system

Question 67

Which technique, cofounded in 1963 by Stillwagon and Pierce, uses HVLA manual adjustments and advocates video fluoroscopy and full spine X-ray analysis?

Answer 67

Pierce Stillwagon technique/ Pierce results technique

Question 68

Who was the first to publish reference to subluxation and in what year?

Answer 68

Hieronymi in 1746 (only date we need to know)

Question 69

Who described subluxation and incorporated a reference to nerve compression in 1820?

Answer 69

Harrison

Question 70

Spinal irritation was first coined in 1828 by whom?

Answer 70

Brown

Question 71

The essential elements of subluxation according to Stephenson in 1927 were....?

Answer 71

loss of juxtaposition of the vertebra with the one above, below or both

Question 72

Vertebral subluxation complex was coined by who in the early 1980's?

Answer 72

Lantz and Disham

Question 73

Regardless of definitional variation, most all versions of subluxation in evolve what two elements?

Answer 73

kinesiologic dysfunction | neurologic dysfunction

Question 74

What are the neuropathophysiological effects of joint complex dysfunction?

Answer 74

imbalance in afferent input facilitated nociceptive input reduced mechanoreceptor input

Question 75

What does the Garden Hose Theory posit?

Answer 75

pressure of nerves reduces flow of innate intelligence

Question 76

What does the ADIO (above down inside out) theory posit?

Answer 76

innate intelligence flows from the brain, through the spinal nerves to the periphery

Question 77

What is the safety pin cycle?

Answer 77

When safety pin is open, interrupted flow of "nerve energy" to the brain and from the end-organ/tissue creates a vicious cycle of dysfunction. When safety pin is closed, the circuit is complete and afferent and efferent nerve signals can travel without impingement

Question 78

The 5-component model of subluxation posited by Faye and Felicia consists of?

Answer 78

- spinal kinesiopathology - neuropathophysiology/neuropathology - myopathology - histopathology - pathophysiology/pathology

Question 79

Dishman's 9 component model includes?

Answer 79

- kinesiology - neurology - myology - connective tissue physiology - angiology - inflammatory response - anatomy - physiology - biochemistry

Question 80

A reversible physiopathologic state consisting of unnoticed, misdirected neurophysiological reactions to various agents and the repercussions of these reactions throughout the organism

Answer 80

dysponesis (dis-ease)

Question 81

What is tone, according to Palmer?

Answer 81

the normal degree of nerve tension that is expressed in function by normal elasticity, strength and excitability

Question 82

What term did Korr coin to describe the facility segment?

Answer 82

"central sensitization"

Question 83

Manipulation results in:

Answer 83

- pushing the joint beyond its normal or restricted ROM back towards its full ROM - stimulates many populations of neurologic receptors and resultant reflex arcs - may initiate protective muscular reflexes important in preventing joint degeneration and instability

Question 84

Which evidence type is higher in sophistication, systematic review or meta analysis?

Answer 84

meta analysis

Question 85

Which evidence type is higher in sophistication, cohort study or RCT?

Answer 85

RCT

Question 86

Which evidence type is higher in sophistication, RCT or systematic review?

Answer 86

systematic review

Question 87

Which evidence type is higher in sophistication, synopses or systematic review?

Answer 87

synopses

Question 88

Which evidence type is higher in sophistication, evidence based textbooks or pre-appraised abstracts of studies?

Answer 88

evidence based textbooks

Question 89

Which evidence type is higher in sophistication, case control studies or cohort studies?

Answer 89

cohort studies