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Midterm Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the steps to the systematic process of developing new knowledge?

A 
Heath problem exists 
Research is proposed
Research is conducted
Results are published
Professionals Rea
Used to improve care
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2
Q

What are some reasons we read research articles?

A

Find solutions to problems that make patient care effective and safe
Learn patient and family perspectives
Acquire new ideas about upcoming tech
Designing cost effective practices
Meet EBP requirements
Up-to-date scientifically sound info to provide best patient care

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3
Q

What are the different PICO elements?

A

P: patient/problem
I: Intervention
C: comparison/context
O: outcomes

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4
Q

What are the different types of reviews?

A

Integrative: a lit review that assimilates results by comparing and contrasting in order to describe knowledge state
Metasynthesis: integration and summary of qualitative research studies
Systematic: combination of quantitative research studies usually aimed to summarize intervention effects

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5
Q

What is a meta-analysis?

A

Statistical calculation to combine the results of several quantitative research studies (usually RCTs) to determine the overall impact of an intervention or treatment

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6
Q

What is the impact factor?

A

Score that rates the frequency at which the average article in a journal has been sited or referenced in a particular year. The higher the number the more influential the paper.

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7
Q

What are the different levels of research utilization?

A

Conceptual: your practice is informed by research findings after reflecting on study results.
Practical: actually changing what you are doing or how you are doing it.

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8
Q

What are clinical practice guidelines?

A

Useful tool for applying research guidelines

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9
Q

Define rigor.

A

Steps taken to ensure that we can be confident that the study results are close to the truth and are not unduly influenced or biased.

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10
Q

What are the three core principles of research ethics?

A

Respect for persons
Concern for welfare
Justice

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11
Q

What are the different types of qualitative research?

A 
Phenomenology
Grounded theory
Ethnography
Narrative
Participatory action 
Case study research
Historical research
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12
Q

Describe phenomenology.

A

Focuses on the meaning of peoples experiences concerning some phenomenon
Descriptive: describing the experience as perceived by the study participants
Interpretive: requires the researchers to move beyond description and make an interpretation of the experience.

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13
Q

Describe ground theory research.

A

Aims to account for a process of patterns of behaviour relevant to the study participants by theorizing about what’s in the data.
Data analyzed by constant comparison of new data to old info
Ex. could study the process of emotional support

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14
Q

Describe ethnography.

A

Seeks to understand the world view of a cultural group.

Involves lengthy observational field work within culture and a thick description of cultural practices is written.

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15
Q

Describe narrative research.

A

Based on assumption that individuals organize their experiences into stories or narratives.
It interprets and explains by clarifying the importance of the events in terms of the resulting outcomes.
Ex. breast cancer

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16
Q

Describe participatory action research.

A

Struves for full collaboration between researchers and those with a problem and a perceived need for change.
This collaboration generates both new knowledge and a solution.

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17
Q

Describe case study research.

A

An in-depth study of a situation or event

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18
Q

Describe historical research.

A

Research that looks for patterns and trends among past events and their relevancy to the present.

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19
Q

What is credibility?

A

What is the truth/reality of the findings?

Techniques include field engagement, peer debriefing, and checking with participants.

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20
Q

What is triangulation?

A

The use of several different strategies to increase rigour by validating information

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21
Q

What helps improve trustworthiness?

A

Credibility and triangulation

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22
Q

What is dependability?

A

Would that data patterns be consistent or stable over time and for similar conditions?

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23
Q

What is confirmability?

A

Is there neutrality or the reduction of bias?

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24
Q

What is transferability?

A

Are the findings applicable, important, or useful to a similar group or practice setting?

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25
What are some different approaches to research?
``` Computer simulations Laboratory investigations Animal experiments Clinical research Registry-Based studies Clinical trials Meta-analysis ```
26
Describe a computer simulation
The use of a mathematical description or model to form a computer based dynamic analogue of the behaviour o something from the new world
27
Describe laboratory investigation.
In vitro experimentation | Allows you to investigate many very specific hypotheses, while controlling many extraneous variables
28
Describe animal experiements.
These are more realistic but have a more challenging setting due to less control over extraneous variables. Can be in vivo or ex vivo
29
Describe clinical research.
Research done with humans often being exposed to some extent in a lab. These are more likely to provide results that have direct clinical implications.
30
Describe registry-based studies.
Side branch of clinical research that uses various registries of archived data to extract info on a large number of human beings and compare numerous parameters to find associations.
31
Describe a clinical trial.
Testing an intervention. This spans several institutions and take several years to complete.
32
Describe meta-analysis.
Several studies are grouped together in one statistical analysis with the aim of testing the scientific strength of the research method. It reveals the overall tendencies to one conclusion or another.
33
What two concepts can be used to evaluate the effectiveness of a literature search?
Recall: the ability of your research to find all relevant references Precision: how successful your search is to find only relevant resources
34
What are boolean operators?
AND, OR, and NOT AND: both terms are present OR: contain one or both terms NOT: contain first but not the second word
35
What is phrase searching?
2 or more search terms that you would like searched as a phrase, toggled by quotation marks.
36
What is truncation?
Search for the different ending of a word toggled by *.
37
What are wildcards?
A form of truncation used to substitute zero or one character in case there are alternative spellings, commonly using ? or #
38
What are proximity operators?
When combining two words, this indicates both words must be present within a given proximity to each other. ex. NEAR5
39
What are parentheses used for in literature research?
Controls the order of the search terms by placing them in parentheses.
40
What is a search strategy?
A outline that shows what words you intend to include, how to combine them, and what limits are included. To do this, you must identify the most essential parts of your question as well as synonyms for them.
41
What are controlled subject headings?
A supplement for free text searching that uses keywords predefined by a database. This has several advantages including adjusting for synonyms, relation to a subject, and an organized hierarchy. ex. MeSH terms
42
How can you broaden your literature search?
Add synonyms, remove a block, or add more general terms for your key concepts to your search block
43
How can you narrow your literature search?
Choose more specific search terms, remove search terms from a block, or adding another block.
44
What is grey literature?
Literature that is not yet published and may never be. ex. description of an ongoing trial. These provide information that might not normally be published as generally positive or more significant findings are published more, creating publication bias.
45
What is hand searching?
Manually browsing through contact lists of publications that allows you to potentially catch publications missed in topic search.
46
What info needs to be included in your search documentation?
``` Databases searched Date of search Search terms Combinations and limitations of search terms Other means of searching ```
47
What are the different types of variables used in quantitative studies?
``` Experimental variable (Independent): the intervention or treatment being manipulated Outcome variable (dependant): characteristic being measured to find the results Other (extraneous): additional factors that may influence the results of the studies ```
48
What is a deductive approach to quantitative research?
Researchers use previously known facts, info, or theories to construct the research design, requiring basic exploratory work such as a survey (descriptive) or designing it around the results of previous research (comparative).
49
What are the three characteristics of experimental design?
Randomization Comparison (control groups) Intervention
50
What are quasi-experimental design?
Lacks one or more of the experimental characteristics, generally being randomization
51
What are the different types of non-experimental design?
Cohort: compares 2 or more different groups over time Case control: matching similar types of patients who receive the treatment with controls Correlation: describing the relationships between factors Surveys: used to obtain info from a group or pop about a topic
52
What are the different types of cohort studies?
Prospective: follow people over time Retrospective: refers to previous happenings using health records
53
What are the different types of validity?
Internal: factors occurring with the operations of a study External: factors occurred during the study that make it difficult to apply the study findings outside.
54
What are some sources of bias?
Selection: influences affecting how participants were assigned to study groups Attrition: influences affecting who participated during the study ex. drop out rate Measurement: influences affecting how the data was collected Performance: influences affecting the study ex. poor blinding Reporting: influences effecting what results are selected for publication by the researchers or journal editors.
55
What is a power calculation?
A number that judges the ability of a study to detect a meaningful difference, typically set at 0.8. Interpretation: if an effective treatment were repeated 100 times, then a statistically significant effect would be found in 80 of them.
56
What are the three main types of reliability?
Inter-rater: consistently measures what it is supposed to measure Test-retest: similar results when tools used at different times Internal consistency: >0.7 in cronbach's alpha = good
57
How do you judge rigor in a quantitative study?
Validity and reliability
58
Define sensitivity
How good a test is at detecting who has a condition or disease
59
Define specificity
How good a test is at telling us who does not have a disease or condition
60
What are descriptive statistics?
Express characteristics or summarize data ex. mean, median, range
61
What are inferential statistics?
Depict inference, relationships, and probabilities.
62
What is statistical significance?
Relationship between variables is most likely not due to chance
63
What are some characteristics of mixed methods research?
Timing: the order of collecting the data for qualitative and quantitative phases Priority: emphasis or weight given to the qualitative and quantitative phases Integration: the combination of the qualitative and quantitative phases
64
What are some common mixed method designs?
Sequential | Concurrent
65
What is a sequential design?
One phase of the study is completed then followed by a second phase. The data analyses are kept separate but are later related. Exploratory: qualitative then quantitative Explanatory: quantitative then qualitative
66
What is a concurrent design?
Conducted at the same time Triangulation: collecting and analyzing qualitative and quantitative at the same time, combining and integrating the two sets of data. Equal priority. Embedded: one part is given more priority with the lower priority being embedded in the dominant data set, giving a broader picture of the problem.
67
What are the three traditional categories of computer technology?
Clinical: anything dealing with direct patient care ex. diagnosis and monitoring Special purpose application: education, research, pharmacy Administrative: office management, scheduling, and accounting tasks
68
What is telemedicine?
Delivery of health care over telecommunication lines
69
What is clinical informatics?
The use of information technology to organize information healthcare. This stresses the theoretical basis of computers in healthcare and focuses on improving all aspect of health.
70
What is medical informatics?
The use of computers to preform acquisition, maintenance, retrieval, and application of biomedical knowledge to improve patient care, medical info, and health science research. Hospital information system integration is an important focus of this.
71
What is HIPAA?
Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act from 1996. It established privacy and security rules for EHRs with the aim to make healthcare insurance portable from one job to another and to secure privacy of medical records.
72
What is ONCHIT?
Office of the National Coordinator of Health Information Technology. Aims to promote a national health information technology infrastructure and oversee its development. Also in charge or promoting the universal adoption of HIT in the US. The system with include an EHR for every person and a nationwide system in which every health care institution can communicate seamlessly with every other health care institution.
73
What is a database?
Organized collection of information
74
What is data management software?
Allows user to enter, organize, and store huge amounts of data and info
75
How is a database organized?
File to tables to records to fields to one piece of info
76
What is a key field?
A field that uniquely identifies each record in a table that cannot be duplicated ex. SIN
77
What is a patient information form?
A form that includes personal and medical information as well as insurance information for themselves and a spouse or partner.
78
What is a personal health record?
A person's health info in electronic form. This is available to an individual on any web-enabled device and can be used in emergencies to alert about necessary health information.
79
What is an electronic health record?
It is an electronic record of patient health information generated by one or more encounters in any care delivery settings formed by the patients EMR. This automates and streamlines the clinicians workflow and has the ability to generate a complete record of a clinical patient encounter.
80
What is the difference between an EMR and an EHR?
An EMR belongs to one health care institution and EHR is no ones property. EHR must also include info from all health care professionals that give care to patients.

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