Midterm Flashcards

Question

Preoperational (2-7)

Answer 1

Rapid language and conceptual growth Increased vocalization The child (ages 2-3) may be able to improvise short, melodic patterns (old McDonald – E-I-E-I-O) 2-4 years – the child may show brief moments of brief synchrony to rhythmic music – but being able to maintain steady beat (beat competency) would require greater physical maturation Rehab/ABI/Post-stroke 3-4: walking, galloping, jumping in musical games 4-5: the child does more accurate imitation of pitch patterns with greater vocal control 4-6: before this, parallel play is primary; at this bracket, children are more willing to share and cooperate

Answer 2

Think systematically and mentally solve problems related to immediate reality Playing rules for music therapy improv (ex. Play only the black keys) Music is used to foster social interactions, group interaction and motor functioning

Answer 3

Children develop abstract thinking skills Religion, politics, fantasy, gaming Metacognition (awareness of one's own thought process) *How can I make an impact on change? What is within my control, what is not?

Answer 4

Music is normal/natural – teens may participate in formal music organizations (band/choir) and informal (rock bands) or watch music videos and listen to recordings Music is an outlet for feelings of rebellion and confusion that come with adolescence. As such, music therapy is a powerful therapeutic intervention for individuals of this age bracket

Answer 5

Style and cultural heritage With such diversity, people can identify with at least one style Music is a universal phenomenon, music itself can be found across the globe BUT, music is NOT a universal language, as the same type of music does not communicate the same way across the globe MTAs take into account which instrument to use – ex. Playing the same song, “You are my sunshine” is different on a piano vs. Guitar vs. Clarinet vs. Flute Personal preferences of client Benefits/health-care goals that can be achieved

Answer 6

Auditory and tactile simulation of music can be helpful in evoking initial or more adaptive responses from nonresponsive individuals at a verbal level Music serves as an effective mnemonic device Communication Emotions Culture and society

Answer 7

is a phenomenon wherein a particular music selection or style is paired with a specific event. E.g. tearing up after hearing a song on the radio that was played at a funeral of a loved one

Answer 8

refers to the use of music to convey human emotions and movements

Answer 9

Members believe that music affects mental and physical well-being "medicine men" used music in religious/healing rites to appease the gods Healing choruses (a group effort)

Answer 10

The advent of agriculture 8,000-10,000 years ago led to civilization Music played an important role

Answer 11

Magical, religious and rational components of medicine coexisted Priest-physicians often included chant therapies in their medical practice because they believed that music was the medicine for the soul Hieroglyphics depict playing instruments Music was considered emotional catharsis

Answer 12

1. Blood 2. Phlegm 3. Yellow bile 4. Black bile These four cardinal humors influenced medicine for the next 2,000 years and was particularly important in the middle ages

Answer 13

Still based on four humors Hymns were considered effective against certain unspecified respiratory diseases During the renaissance, physicians prescribed music as a preventative medicine Reactive healthcare VERSUS proactive healthcare Baroque Period: Kircher suggested that certain personality characteristics were associated with certain styles of music e.g. depressed people responded better to melancholy music Today, MTAs recognize the preferences of the individual rather than prescribing music – there is no musical prescription! The healer now had to consider which style of music to use for treatment By the late 18th century, emphasis was placed on scientific explanations At this time, music was relegated to special cases and only applied by physicians who views treatment with a holistic framework

Answer 14

The earliest reference to Music Therapy as a profession in the US was in 1789 As early as the 1830s, MT was used in schools for the blind

Answer 15

Hospital stays were longer (average of 13 days in 1923 to about 4 days today) and patients with intellectual or mental disabilities could be hospitalized for life Cases for MT were presented in academic papers

Answer 16

MT became regulated in the US (AMTA today) Today (in Canada), the majority of MTAs work with the elderly/people with Alzheimer’s but the foundation of MT started with working with children and mentally ill individuals CRPO - College of Registered Psychotherapists of Ontario Music Therapists using the act of psychotherapy need to become a member of the CRPO (ONLY if using the act of psychotherapy)

Answer 17

Developing identity Self-expression Qualities of music: Using rhythm, pitch, and form to support all individuals Accessibility and inclusivity; support all individuals Improvised music Core of therapy - the therapeutic relationship Individual relationship with music Therapeutic relationship between client and MTA

Answer 18

``` Communication skills Confidence Self-awareness Cognition Memory ```

Answer 19

NMT uses the functional perception of all properties of music to retain brain behaviour function Therapeutic application of music to cognitive, sensory, and motor functions

Answer 20

Involves: Sensorimotor, speech and language, cognition | Music and functional changes in the brain

Answer 21

``` Stroke TBI Parkinson's disease Minimizing symptoms including tremors Multiple sclerosis Looking at the autoimmune disease and working to minimize symptoms Dementia and Alzheimer's disease Functional memory Cognition Emotional state Daily activities (eating, dressing, medicating) Cerebral palsy Autism spectrum disorder Social communication Behavioural management Repetitive behaviour ```

Answer 22

Patterned sensory enhancement - ex. Jenn pacing arm music to the music Movement to the cue of music Spatial Pitch Dynamic Therapeutic instrumental music performance - ex. pacing hitting the drum to music Client is actually playing an instrument to the music/beat Rhythmic auditory stimulation - gait training video example Rhythmic cues for gait training (walking)

Answer 23

Beating to and humming the prosody of speech/phrase - I want coffee example Used commonly by SLPs - Vocal intonation therapy

Answer 24

Musical speech stimulation Rhythmic speech cueing Oral motor and respiratory exercises Vocal intonation therapy Therapeutic singing Singing songs you enjoy while combining the techniques of accessing language and oral motor function Tying together all the vocal Developmental speech and language training through music Symbolic communication training through music

Answer 25

Auditory perception Emotion Sensory function

Answer 26

Using social situations and group therapy Group cohesion process Using MPC as a warm-up to group therapy Mood factoring Drum example (musical wave) More reflective than Associative Mood and Memory training

Answer 27

Facilitate memory recall Dementia and TBI memory loss Associating mood with music to access memory Live or recorded music Henry example - excited about music, lighting up to his favourite songs and singing/remembering his old favourites The goal here is to access the memory not the emotion

Answer 28

``` Sensorimotor Pattern sensory enhancement Rhythmic auditory situation Speech and language Melodic intonation therapy Therapeutic singing Cognition/dalcros Associated mood and memory training Music and psychological training and counseling ```

Answer 29

Certain organized and systematic way for conducting therapy Philosophy Beliefs and basic attitudes Theory Scientific explanation for behaviours Model Relationship between music and behaviour/healthcare goals

Answer 30

Advances in scientific knowledge regarding health and illness Biopsychosocial model of health and illness Societal changes Short-term health care Multiculturalism Research and clinical initiatives in the MT field Continues to develop by researchers and clinicians

Answer 31

Developmental Age vs Chronological | Personal Attitudes and Values

Answer 32

``` Holistic approach Hearing before learning Call and response Chants "hello" song, eye contact ```

Answer 33

Using movement to enhance range of motion, motor skills etc.

Answer 34

Developmental in approach | Communication, socialization, fine and gross motor

Answer 35

Form of active music therapy Music-centered Conceptually and by definition using music as the primary method of therapy The work is done within the music, no dialogue/verbal discussion, all music Belief: music exists within everybody Accessing Innate music ability Finding the music child within Two MTAs in the room, 1 on the piano continuously holding the musical space, the second works with the client to engage in music on another instrument or vocally Music making, playing instruments, singing etc. Techniques applicable to wide range of clients including those with developmental disabilities Cont. Self-actualization and the meaningfulness of human destiny Within every human being is a musical self aka "musical child", working to access that Long-term engagement in music therapy Improvisation is used often at the beginning Index the session/indexing: document in a narrative style with attention to the client's significant musical and non-musical responses, changes, musical relationships and teamwork (transcribing/recording minutes/seconds) documenting sessions Apply separately to a Nordoff-Robbins MT degree, cannot become accredited additionally like NMT

Answer 36

Can gain accreditation following MT accreditation/other field in addition Guided imagery and music (GIM) Bringing self-awareness by associating music with imagery Therapeutic goals include: Creativity Self-exploration Spiritual insight Cognitive reorganization Tapping in to the unconscious through imagery Aiding in uncovering and working through negative thoughts, emotions and feelings MTA is not meant to solve, but to help guide the client through the emotions/feelings

Answer 37

Classical or operant conditioning Example: Pavlov's conditioning with the dogs and the bells Behaviorism Behavioral psychology Applied behavioural analysis (ABA) Purpose: to modify behaviors (through reinforcements or punishment) MT example: client who hits his head on the ground, guiding him to redirect and hit a drum with his hands instead - more cathartic and safe for him Reinforcing positive behaviour by offering the reward of drumming/cathartic experience

Answer 38

Replacing undesirable, irrational thinking with healthier cognitive patterns Can help people with emotional/social problems including anxiety, substance abuse, eating disorders, mood disorders, chronic pain and sleeping disorders Example: I'm afraid of water Reframing water to associate with life, with drinking water (necessity)

Answer 39

Based on the belief that human behaviour is influenced by unconscious psychological processes (internal conflicts, impulses, desires, motives) which are largely unaware consciously

Answer 40

How music impacts the release of hormones and neurotransmitters surrounding pain/feeling pain Using MT to relax and reduce stress, reducing pain hormones and neurotransmitters Music therapy and relationship with hormones

Answer 41

Therapists use techniques from all types of therapy without necessarily accepting the theoretical frameworks involved NO SINGLE THEORY is comprehensive enough to account for the complexities of human behaviours Accepting that each theory has its strength and weaknesses, therapists that use an integrative approach have the opportunity to more closely match the needs and goals of individual clients

Answer 42

``` Biological aspects (physical) Psychological aspects (cognitive, emotions) Social aspects (values, culture, family, community) How all three work together and interact to impact your health ```

Answer 43

Unconscious redirection of feelings from one person to another

Answer 44

Initially something to get rid of | The emotional reaction of the therapist

Answer 45

"wounded healers" - extremely empathetic/sensitive therapists who can fall victim to countertransference Therapist's hook The area of wounded-ness that allows the therapist to get caught in the client's material Musical hook The moment when the music and or lyrics intersect with the therapist's issues and trigger associations Sharing countertransference - relates to disclosing countertransference feelings Level of disclosure depends on each individual client Reason for disclosure, therapeutic alliance, length and stage of treatment In VP, the transference can be heard in the voices (with or without)

Answer 46

``` Carl Yung's theories influence Collective unconscious Interpersonal relations Object relations theory Relationship with play and developing one's true self Vocal improvisation Vocal holding Vocal improvisation in a safe environment can help clients find comfort in the environment Trauma theory Intersubjectivity ```

Answer 47

Three stages of healing Safety Remember, reminisce, mourn Integration Attachment trauma - the mother infant bond (or lack of) can set the stage for other forms of trauma VP offers therapeutic regression and positive integration

Answer 48

Humming/toning/chanting can stimulate the Vagus nerve which encourages the release of neurotransmitter Nitric Oxide (NO) Parasympathetic nervous system can be thought of as the "stress eraser" - putting us back in a state of balance The power of the voice to affect physiology

Answer 49

The conscious use of sustained vowel sounds for the purpose of restoring the body's balance

Answer 50

The intentional use of two chords in combination with the therapist's voice in order to create a consistent and stable musical environment that facilitates improvised singing within the client-therapist relationship Promote therapeutic regression Helps clients who are afraid or not used to improvising Relinquish some of the mind's control to allow spontaneous singing and trance-like altered state and easier access to the world of the unconscious

Answer 51

Unison singing Therapist matches the client's improvised notes Harmony Singing with client at the same rhythm but different notes (hopefully complimentary) Harmony is ideally below the client's singing in order to contain/support Mirroring Mirroring what the client just improvised Grounding The therapist sings a note below what the client is singing These techniques can all be experienced differently for the client based on their experiences Not necessarily feelings that we should avoid as they provide insight for reparative experience

Answer 52

Words enter the vocal holding process Piano accompaniment (2 chords or more) Based on Freud's technique of free association But the MTA is also singing

Answer 53

``` Guiding free brainstorming (example) Freud and Jung Freud : picking a word and seeing what word comes after and after, may not have any connection Jung : specific word, relate it to another and then to the original and then another Guiding original lyrics and music Facilitating original lyrics Selecting words from a list Client self generates words Client writes a poem Open ended or direct questions ```

Answer 54

``` FBT (fill in the blanks) Song parody Changing all the words rather than just certain ones like FBT Song collage Mashup of songs and changing lyrics Pre-existing lyrics Keeping lyrics of a song but changing melody Once upon a time… Age appropriate for children Storytelling/predictability ```

Answer 55

``` Improvisation Instrumental sound effects Using whole/parts pre-composed music Improvised melody over the chord pattern Client directed key/mood/etc. ```

Answer 56

``` Motivation Adjustment - identity establishment Loss/depression Coping with changes Memory - melody Concentration/attention ```

Answer 57

``` Isolation Dependency Helplessness Anger Body image Positive memories of relationships with significant others Uncertainty ```

Answer 58

There are stages of child development, broad but existent There are not designated stages to aging Stages for adolescence, lines of stages blur as older adulthood is approached

Answer 59

``` Chronological age (number of years one has been alive) Biological age (aging of the body physically) Bone density, muscle strength Change in weight Stamina (loss of..) Cellular, molecular, organ functions become less efficient with age Psychological age Ability to adapt New situations, environment Emotions Learning Recognizing that client may require consistent sessions, predictability, routine etc. Psychosocial age Cultural view and expectations Negative portrayal (western culture) High regard/wisdom (non-western) Booming cosmetic industry ```

Answer 60

``` Depression Dementia Alzheimer's disease (type of dementia) Parkinson's disease Post-stroke Aphasia ABI Symptoms can be similar --> MTA healthcare goals can be similar Speech Orienting to environment ```

Answer 61

Decrease pacing, agitation, vocalizations (non-speech/non-communicative noise) Increase eye contact, meaningful moments Increase alertness, movement Evoke positive memories, orientation to the "here and now" Transition to facility, lessen confusion, decrease anxiety Having dementia? No, that is a diagnosis, not a healthcare goal

Answer 62

Sense of accomplishment for elderly people with memory loss Remembering lyrics Remembering melody

Answer 63

``` Why pre-composed? Familiarity/predictability (ABA) Verse/chorus/verse/chorus/verse/chorus etc. The way pre-composed songs are designed - predictability, security Security Empowering Reassurance Confidence (acknowledge ability) Memory evoking Stimulate dialogue/relationships Why is it a powerful tool? (listening exercise) Music timeline ```

Answer 64

``` Acquired decline of cognitive function Memory and language impairment Music abilities preserved - uses both hemispheres of the brain Alzheimer's Mini mental state exam and music therapy MMSE asking questions through song? Listening to story vs. music Attempting music playing can highlight deterioration ```

Midterm Flashcards

(88 cards)