MidTerm Flashcards
(114 cards)
1
Q
What makes the GI Tract of Carnivores different?
A
- ) They have simple and short intestines
- ) They have small cecum with limited capacity
- ) Their large intestine is simple not sacculated
2
Q
The middle segment of the small intestine is called ileum, where the bile and pancreas secretions are released to.
A
False
3
Q
What is an example of a Hexose monosaccharide?
A
Fructose
4
Q
Amylase is an enzyme that digests the disaccharides.
A
False
5
Q
The __________ is storage form of carbohydrate in the liver and muscle and can be used a source of energy when animals are fasting.
A
Glycogen
6
Q
Glycolipids are complex fats that are made of glycerol, fatty acids and_______
A
Carbohydrates
7
Q
Essential fatty acids are produced in sufficient amounts by animal body tissues and are not required to be added in the diet.
A
False
8
Q
The mix of triglycerides (TG), proteins, phospholipids and cholesterol from ___________ in enterocytes (intestinal cells) that enters lacteal and then in circularly system.
A
Chylomicrons
9
Q
What are examples of an essential amino acid?
A
- ) Leucine
- ) Histidine
- ) Phenyalanine
10
Q
All of hormones are proteins, but not all of enzyme are proteins.
A
False
11
Q
After removal of amino group of amino acids (deamination), the carbon skeleton of amino acids is used for making _______
A
- ) Fats
- ) Ketone bodies
- ) Glucose
12
Q
The ___________ energy of feed is measure by complete combustion of fed samples in bomb calorimeter.
A
Gross
13
Q
Net energy (NE) of feed samples can be measured by subtracting the heat increment and heat of fermentation from _________
A
Metabolizable energy
14
Q
An example of a macro-mineral?
A
Potassium
15
Q
Phosphorous is a structural component of the skeleton and its deficiency can cause “rickets” in young animals.
A
True
16
Q
The simple fats are esters of ___________ with fatty acids.
A
Alcohols
17
Q
The amylolytic enzymes digest ____________ while the proteolytic enzymes digest proteins.
A
Carbohydrates
18
Q
The synthesis of ___________ from non-carbohydrate sources such as amino acids is called “gluconeogenesis”.
A
Glucose
19
Q
The major bilateral pair of glands which produce saliva in all animals include _________ glands, parotid glands, and submaxillary glands.
A
Sublingual
20
Q
The middle segment of small intestine, which is called _________ is responsible for absorption of fats.
A
Jejunum
21
Q
The digestive enzyme of saliva is named __________, which digests soluble carbohydrates such as starch.
A
Amylase
22
Q
The third compartment of stomach in ruminants is called __________, which is important for reducing the particle size of digesta and absorption of nutrients.
A
Omasum
23
Q
The _____________ is the first segment of stomach mucosal lining after esophagus, which is responsible for secretion of mucus and protect the lining of stomach.
A
Cardiac
24
Q
The starch molecules are digested by ____________ in the small intestine and produce maltose or isomaltose.
A
Amylase
25
Lactose (milk sugar) is a disaccharide, which is made of ___________ and glucose.
Galactose
26
In “unsaturated fatty acids” double bonds are formed in their structure because of removal of H atoms.
True
27
The “body chief cells (peptic cells)” of stomach produce pepsin.
True
28
The cellulose is digested by enzymes synthesized in small intestine of animals.
False
29
Long-chain fatty acids are incorporated in the structure of triglycerides in mucosal cells of intestine and absorbed in the lymph system.
True
30
Linear chain of glucose molecules from amylose, while both linear and branched chain of glucose molecules make amylopectin.
True
31
“Glycogenesis” is defined as hydrolysis of glycogen to glucose, which can prevent hypoglycemia during fasting.
False
32
The active transport of glucose in the GI tract is carried-out by sodium-dependent glucose transporters (SGLT) against the concentration gradient using ATP.
True
33
Oligosaccharides are carbohydrates with more than 10 sugar units such as starch.
False
34
Inorganic elements (minerals) and vitamins are energy-producing nutrients.
False
35
The “nonessential nutrients” are not synthesized in sufficient amount in anima’s body, so they are required in the diet.
False
36
In ruminants, saliva _________
Is the source of nitrogen, phosphorus, and sodium
37
What is an example of a sterol?
Ergosterol (Vitamin D2 precursor)
38
The products of digestion of cellulose in the digestive tract are _____________
Volatile fatty acids
39
Fats (lipids) are
1. ) Source of energy in the diet
2. ) Part of cell membrane
3. ) As essential fatty acids, they are important for skin health
40
What intestinal digestive enzyme, which is involved in digestion of carbohydrates?
Maltase
41
Triglycerides are
The storage form of fat in animal’s body
42
The glucose is transported from epithelial cells of intestine to interstitial fluid by __________ mechanism.
Facilitated diffusion
43
The _________ is an essential fatty acid.
1. ) Linoleic acid
| 2. ) Linolenic acid
44
The cecum of a horse is smaller than a sheep
False
45
Ruminants have 4-compartment stomach
True
46
The small intestine of ruminants is longer than horse
True
47
The horse and rabbit have very large sacculated large intestine
True
48
What is the most abundant component of plants cell wall?
Cellulose
49
Pyruvate is produced during glycolysis of glucose and enter ___________ in mitochondria for production of ATP.
Krebs cycle & Respiratory transport chain
50
The ______ is an associated digestive organ.
Liver
51
What influences the animal’s nutrient requirements?
The level of production & age of the animal
52
The small intestine of omnivores is longer than that in carnivores.
True
53
The cecum of carnivores is larger than that in omnivores.
False
54
Omnivores has sacculated large intestine.
True
55
The large intestine of carnivores is simple and not sacculated.
True
56
Emulsification of fats do what?
Dietary fats are emulsified by bile salts in the small intestine.
57
In the small intestine, the nutrients are mainly absorbed in ____________ and ____________
Ileum and Jejunum
58
Nutrients that are inorganic components of animal feed are?
Macro-elements & Micro-elements
59
What organs synthesize the enzyme “rennin”?
Stomach
60
Short-chain fatty acids (C 2-10) are directly absorbed to _________ in the small intestine.
Portal system
61
The bacterial fermentation of feed in cecum and colon results in production of __________
Some amino acids
Volatile fatty acids
Some vitamins
62
What are chylomicrons?
Molecule made from proteins and fats (mucosal cell)
| Micelle
63
How are chylomicrons formed and absorbed?
Chylomicrons consist 80% triglycerides and 20% proteins
64
What are chylomicrons target?
They transfer fats into the blood from the small intestine to other functioning organs.
65
What are the sources of lipids in the blood plasma?
Chylomicrons
| Lipids that are released from tissues and fats
66
How are the lipids transported in the blood plasma?
Blood lipids are transported in the form of lipoproteins
| Chylomicrons
67
What are the 5 classes of lipoproteins?
```
Chylomicrons
Very Low-density lipoproteins (VLDL)
Intermediate-density lipoproteins (IDL)
Low-density lipoproteins (LDL)
High-density lipoproteins (HDL)
```
68
How are the 5 classes of lipoproteins compared?
```
By protein content
Highest Level: HDL
Lowest Level: Chylomicrons
By how much triglycerides
Highest Level: chylomicrons
Lowest Level: HDL
```
69
How is the depot fat composition of ruminants and non-ruminants influenced by dietary fat composition?
In non-ruminants their body fat represents what they eat and are considered straight chain.
In ruminants, their fats change by the microbes and are characterized by odd-length and branched-chain fatty acids.
70
How many common amino acids are found in proteins?
20
71
How many essential amino acids are found in proteins?
9-10 depending on species
72
What are the essential amino acids that are found in proteins?
```
Histidine
Isoleucine
Leucine
Lysine
Methionine
Phenylalanine
Threonine
Tryptophan
Valine
```
73
What factors influence the amino acid composition of proteins?
Source of proteins
| Gene mutations
74
How does the collagen level change with age?
Collagen level in the body increases with age
75
What is the collagen’s chief amino acid?
Proline
| Hydroxyproline
76
What are contractile proteins?
Actin
Tryopomyosin B
Myosin
77
Which contractile protein has ATP activity?
Myosin for muscle contraction
78
What are the structural differences between enzymes and hormones?
Enzymes have protein structures
| Hormones are made with fats & mixed with carbohydrates. Not all hormones are made with proteins
79
What are the functional differences between enzymes and hormones?
Enzymes are secreted in the gut and in the small intestine
| Hormones travel in the blood from the site of release to the organ for function.
80
What is active immunity?
Response of the body itself against the exposure of a pathogen.
81
What is passive immunity?
Antibodies from external sources
82
What are the sites of amino acids synthesis?
Dietary ingestion
Made from bacteria
Microorganisms in the tissue and organs
83
What are the sites of amino acids degradation?
```
Liver is the main organ
Small intestine degrades the most
Muscle
Bacterial microbes
Gut
```
84
What are the major proteolytic enzymes in the stomach?
Pepsin & renum
85
What are the major proteolytic enzymes in the small intestine?
Trypsin
Chymotrypsin
Carboxypeptidase
86
What mechanism is used by amino acids for absorption in the small intestine?
Active transport
| Sodium-dependent
87
What is deamination?
Removal of the amino group from the carbon skeleton of the amino acid
88
What is transamination?
The transfer of the amino group from one amino acid to the carbon skeleton to make new amino acids in a cell (glucose) & keytone bodies
89
What is the urea cycle?
Making urea from an amino group that was taken out of a carbon skeleton.
90
Where does the urea cycle occur?
Mainly the liver
| Small amounts are in the kidneys & small intestine
91
What are the common forms of nitrogen excreted by mammals, birds, and fish?
Urea
Uric acid
Ammonia
92
How is Gross Energy (GE) produced?
It is the total of a feed sample and is measured by a bomb calorimeter
93
How is Digestible Energy produced?
Gross Energy (GE) - Feces Energy (FE)
94
How is Metabolizable Energy (ME) produced?
Gross Energy (GE) - Feces Energy (FE) - Urine Energy (UE) - Combustible gasses
95
What is the main disadvantage of the GE system?
It measures the same value from low and high quality of feed samples
96
How is true Digestible Energy measured?
Fasting
Feeding the animal with a diet
Feeding the animal intravenously
Measure the fecal excretions
Subtraction of the excretions from the total FE
97
What factors do influence the methane production and hence ME in ruminants?
Low quality of feeds and decrease of food intake produces large amounts of Methane
Which makes the ME smaller
98
How is the net energy (NE) system measured?
ME - heat increment (HI) - heat fermentation (HF)
99
What is heat increment (HI)?
The heat production of the nutrient digestion
100
What factors influence the heat increment?
Feed intake
The type and level of nutrients
How often the animal is fed
The balance of protein amino acids
101
What is basal metabolism?
The amount of energy expended to maintain the body weight of an animal
102
How is basal metabolism measured?
Post absorptive state
State of calm and no activity but not asleep
Thermonuetral environment
103
What factors influence basal metabolism?
Age
Type of breed and species
Brain activity factors
Hormones
104
What is maintenance energy?
Balance for body energy where you don’t lose but don’t gain weight
105
How is maintenance energy determined?
The sum of basal metabolism
Nutrient metabolism
& physical activity
106
What are the macro-minerals in animal nutrition?
```
Calcium
Phosphorus
Magnesium
Sodium
Chlorine
Potassium
Sulfur
```
107
How is the calcium concentration of blood regulated?
Parathyroid hormone when it is low
| Calcitonin when the calcium level is high
108
What bone diseases may occur due to calcium and phosphorus deficiency?
```
Young animals is Rickets
Adult dogs is Osteomalacia
Big head in horses
Simian bone disease
Paralysis
```
109
What factors are associated with calcium absorption?
Vitamin D dependent
Lactose and Lysine
Phytic and oxalic acid
Active transport
Passive transport
110
What factors are associated with phosphorus absorption?
Active transport
Passive diffusion
Sodium, Calcium, & Vitamin D
111
What are the major signs of Magnesium deficiency in animals?
Anorexia
Hyperemia
Tetany
Reduced weight gain
112
What is the function of Na/K pump?
To keep 90% of the Na on the outside of the cell & 90% of K in the cell.
113
What is the chief common function of sodium, chlorine, and potassium in an animal’s body?
Maintaining acid-base balance
Nerve impulse
Maintaining osmotic pressure
114
What are the main functions of Sulfur in the body?
```
Methionine
Cystine
Cysteine
Vitamin biotin
Vitamin thiamin
```
